Publication: Abordaje psicológico en una persona mayor a través de la tecnología
Authors
López Durán, Alicia
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Escuelas::Escuela Internacional de Doctorado
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Martínez Ramón, Juan Pedro ; Méndez Mateo, Inmaculada ; Martínez Ramón, Juan Pedro
Publisher
Universidad de Murcia
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Description
Abstract
La tesis doctoral plantea como objetivo general: diseñar e implementar un programa piloto para el abordaje psicológico en una persona mayor mediante el uso de la tecnología. El estudio se desarrolló mediante un diseño intra-sujeto de medidas repetidas sin grupo control. Se contó con la autorización pertinente del Comité de Ética de Investigación de la Universidad de Murcia. En el estudio piloto participó una persona mayor seleccionada en función de los criterios de inclusión previamente definidos, edad superior a 65 años, ausencia de diagnóstico de trastorno mental o sintomatología clínicamente significativa y adecuado grado de autonomía para comprender y participar las actividades de manera independiente. En cuanto a las características sociodemográficas, poseía un nivel socioeconómico medio y un uso previo de entornos digitales. El estudio se desarrolló en las instalaciones de un centro de estancias diurnas situado en el noroeste de la Región de Murcia. Los instrumentos de evaluación empleados en la condición pretest fueron: entrevista semiestructurada para recoger datos relacionados con variables sociodemográficos, el índice de Katz para medir el grado de autonomía, la Escala de Deterioro Global (GDS) y el Mini-examen cognoscitivo (MEC-35) para valorar las funciones cognitivas, el Cuestionario de Ansiedad de Hamilton (HARS) y el Cuestionario de Ansiedad Rasgo (STAI) para medir la presencia de ansiedad, el Cuestionario de Depresión de Yesavage (GDS) para evaluar la presencia de sintomatología depresiva, el Inventario de Personalidad (NEO-FFI) para recoger datos sobre variables relacionadas con los rasgos de personalidad, la Escala de Soledad (UCLA) para medir el grado de soledad no deseada, el Cuestionario de Calidad de vida (OPQOL), la Escala de Afecto Positivo y Negativo (PANAS) para medir la variable afectividad y el Cuestionario de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff. Por otro lado, en la condición postest fueron empleados los citados instrumentos de evaluación, a excepción de las entrevistas semiestructuradas y la incorporación del Cuestionario de Usabilidad adaptado de Amabili et al. (2024). Se procedió a realizar un análisis descriptivo de los resultados obtenidos, tanto a nivel cuantitativo como cualitativo. Los resultados en la medida pretest indicaron un grado de deterioro cognitivo muy leve, alto grado de autonomía, ausencia de sintomatología ansioso-depresiva, así como una tendencia a mantener relaciones interpersonales significativas y adaptativas. Mostró baja percepción de soledad, grado elevado de bienestar psicológico y calidad de vida. En la condición postest, en general los resultados mostraron ausencia de cambios clínicamente significativos. En concreto, el rendimiento cognitivo se mantuvo estable, la calidad de vida, el bienestar psicológico, la afectividad y la soledad no mostraron cambios clínicamente significativos, si bien se observó cierta tendencia a la mejora. Además, se identificó una leve reducción clínicamente no significativa de la ansiedad y depresión. Por último, el cuestionario de usabilidad señaló una alta satisfacción general con la tecnología, así como una interacción agradable y útil para favorecer la productividad, además la facilidad de uso mantuvo una puntuación media.
Los resultados apuntan que la tecnología asistencial puede favorecer el enlentecimiento del progreso del deterioro cognitivo, repercutiendo sobre la autonomía y bienestar de las personas mayores, enmarcado en los objetivos orientados a promover el envejecimiento activo. La usabilidad podría estar relacionada con la percepción de utilidad e interacción agradable, así como la repercusión significativa en el bienestar del individuo.
Por tanto, tal y como indica la literatura científica, se trata de herramientas prometedoras para la mejora de la calidad y el bienestar promoviendo la vida independiente en el hogar, si bien requiere la continuidad de la investigación sobre su uso y efecto en personas mayores.
The doctoral thesis sets out the general objective of designing and implementing a pilot program for the psychological approach in an older adult through the use of technology. The study followed an intra-subject repeated measures design without a control group. It received authorization from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Murcia. The pilot study involved one older adult who was selected based on predefined inclusion criteria: being over 65 years, absence of diagnosis of a mental disorder or clinically significant symptomatology, and an adequate degree of autonomy to understand and participate in activities independently. Regarding sociodemographic characteristics, the participant had a middle socioeconomic status and previous experience with digital environments. The study was conducted at a day-care center located in the northwestern region of Murcia. The assessment instruments used in the pretest condition included: semi-structured interviews to collect sociodemographic data, the Katz Index to measure the level of autonomy, the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) and the Mini-Cognitive Examination (MEC-35) to assess cognitive functioning, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to assess the presence of anxiety; the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) to evaluate depressive symptomatology; the Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI) to gather data on personality traits; the UCLA Loneliness Scale to measure the degree of perceived loneliness; the Older People’s Quality of Life Questionnaire (OPQOL); the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) to assess affectivity; and the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire. In the postest condition, the aforementioned assessment instruments were employed, except for semi-structured interviews and the inclusion of the Usability Questionnaire adapted from Amabili et al. (2024). A descriptive analysis of the results was conducted, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Pretest results indicated a mild degree of cognitive impairment, a high level of autonomy, absence of anxiety and depressive symptomatology, and a tendency to maintain meaningful and adaptive interpersonal relationships. The participant also reported a low perception of loneliness, along with high levels of psychological well-being and quality of life. In the posttest condition, overall results showed no clinically significant changes. Specifically, cognitive performance remained stable, and no clinically significant changes were observed in quality of life, psychological well-being, affectivity, or loneliness, although a slight trend toward improvement was noted. In addition, a slight, non-clinically significant reduction in anxiety and depression was identified. Lastly, the usability questionnaire indicated a high overall satisfaction with the technology, with an experience described as pleasant and helpful in enhancing productivity, and a moderate score regarding ease of use. The results suggest that assistive technology may contribute to reducing progression of cognitive decline, thereby positively impacting the autonomy and well-being of older adults, aligning with goals aimed at promoting active aging. Usability may be associated with the perception of usefulness and pleasant interaction, as well as a significant effect on individual well-being. Therefore, as noted in the scientific literature, these tools are promising for improving quality of life and well-being and for promoting independent living at home. However, continued research is needed to further examine their use and effects among older adult populations.
The doctoral thesis sets out the general objective of designing and implementing a pilot program for the psychological approach in an older adult through the use of technology. The study followed an intra-subject repeated measures design without a control group. It received authorization from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Murcia. The pilot study involved one older adult who was selected based on predefined inclusion criteria: being over 65 years, absence of diagnosis of a mental disorder or clinically significant symptomatology, and an adequate degree of autonomy to understand and participate in activities independently. Regarding sociodemographic characteristics, the participant had a middle socioeconomic status and previous experience with digital environments. The study was conducted at a day-care center located in the northwestern region of Murcia. The assessment instruments used in the pretest condition included: semi-structured interviews to collect sociodemographic data, the Katz Index to measure the level of autonomy, the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) and the Mini-Cognitive Examination (MEC-35) to assess cognitive functioning, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to assess the presence of anxiety; the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) to evaluate depressive symptomatology; the Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI) to gather data on personality traits; the UCLA Loneliness Scale to measure the degree of perceived loneliness; the Older People’s Quality of Life Questionnaire (OPQOL); the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) to assess affectivity; and the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire. In the postest condition, the aforementioned assessment instruments were employed, except for semi-structured interviews and the inclusion of the Usability Questionnaire adapted from Amabili et al. (2024). A descriptive analysis of the results was conducted, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Pretest results indicated a mild degree of cognitive impairment, a high level of autonomy, absence of anxiety and depressive symptomatology, and a tendency to maintain meaningful and adaptive interpersonal relationships. The participant also reported a low perception of loneliness, along with high levels of psychological well-being and quality of life. In the posttest condition, overall results showed no clinically significant changes. Specifically, cognitive performance remained stable, and no clinically significant changes were observed in quality of life, psychological well-being, affectivity, or loneliness, although a slight trend toward improvement was noted. In addition, a slight, non-clinically significant reduction in anxiety and depression was identified. Lastly, the usability questionnaire indicated a high overall satisfaction with the technology, with an experience described as pleasant and helpful in enhancing productivity, and a moderate score regarding ease of use. The results suggest that assistive technology may contribute to reducing progression of cognitive decline, thereby positively impacting the autonomy and well-being of older adults, aligning with goals aimed at promoting active aging. Usability may be associated with the perception of usefulness and pleasant interaction, as well as a significant effect on individual well-being. Therefore, as noted in the scientific literature, these tools are promising for improving quality of life and well-being and for promoting independent living at home. However, continued research is needed to further examine their use and effects among older adult populations.
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