Histology and histopathology Vol.14, nº 1 (1999)
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- PublicationOpen AccessSystematic review and meta-analysis in anatomic pathology: the value of nuclear DNA content in predicting progression in low grade CIN, the significance of the histological subtype on prognosis in cervical carcinoma(Murcia : F. Hernández, 1999) Heatley, M.K.Meta-analysis, though increasingly popular in clinical medicine, has not found acceptance in anatomic pathology. This paper argues that, in combination with a systematic review of the literature, meta-analysis may be usefully applied to pathological research and two examples drawn from gynaecological pathology (the value of nuclear DNA quantitation in predicting progression in low grade cervical intraepithelia1 neoplasia and the difference in prognosis between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the cervix) are included to illustrate the methods used and to demonstrate some of the difficulties associated with these techniques.
- PublicationOpen AccessIntracellular cholesterol trafficking(Murcia : F. Hernández, 1999) Sviridov, D.The overall picture of intracellular cholesterol trafficking is very complex. The transfer of cholesterol within the cell depends on the contribution of several trafficking mechanisms. The known elements of cholesterol trafficking machinery include clathrin-coated pits, scavenger receptor type B1, caveolae, phospholipd rafts, Niemann-Pick C disease protein, sterol carrier protein 2, multidrug resistance protein, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and steroidogenic acute regulation protein. Several pathways of intracellular cholesterol trafficking, for example retroendocytosis and cholesterol absorption in the intestine, are yet to be connected to specific structural elements. The contribution of different pathways depends on cell type, the source and destination of cholesterol and cellular cholesterol content and requirements. Some pathways are found in most, if not all, cell types, while others are associated with the specialized function of a particular cell type, for example, lipoprotein assembly in the liver or intestine and steroid hormone synthesis in steroidogenic tissue. Certain routes of intracellular cholesterol trafficking are heavily backed up by several auxiliary pathways, others entirely depend on a single functional element. In this review we describe the intracellular machinery involved in the intracellular transfer of cholesterol and give an overview of both the general and specialized pathways of intracellular cholesterol trafficking known to date.
- PublicationOpen AccessMolecular genetics of ovarian carcinomas(Murcia : F. Hernández, 1999) Diebold, J.The phenotypic variability of epithelial ovarian neoplasms correlates with a diversity of changes at the molecular level. Invasive serous and undifferentiated ovarian carcinomas are characterized by p53 mutations with p53 protein accumulation, extensive loss of genetic material of chromosome 17 and complex changes on many other chromosomes, e.g. amplification of oncogenes. These alterations are seen only in a minority of mucinous and endometrioid carcinomas, mainly in advanced stages. Overexpression of bcl-2 is seen most frequently in endometrioid carcinomas (ca. 90% of cases), which in addition show microsatellite instability in around a third of the cases, as has been described in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. KRAS mutations are characteristic for mucinous LMP tumors and mucinous carcinomas (40-50% of cases) and are also found in a third of serous LMP tumors. In addition, serous LMP tumors show mild microsatellite instability in 30%. However, complex chromosomal aberrations are never seen in these neoplasms
- PublicationOpen AccessClinical applications of detecting dysfunctional p53 tumor suppressor protein(Murcia : F. Hernández, 1999) Baas, I.O.; Hruban, R.H.; Offerhaus, G.J.A.The p53 gene encodes for a protein, p53, which plays a critical role in controlling the cell cycle, in DNA repair and in programed cell death (apoptosis). p53 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human neoplasms and a variety of techniques have been developed to detect these mutations. These range from advanced molecular-genetic analyses to immunohistochemical staining for the p53 protein. This review will summarize our current understanding of the function of p53 as well as current methods to detect dysfunctional p53 and the clinical value of such analyses.
- PublicationOpen AccessDevelopment of immune complex trapping: experimental study of lymphoid follicles and germinal centers newly induced by exogenous stimulants in mouse popliteal lymph nodes(Murcia : F. Hernández, 1999) Horie, K.; Chen, D.; Hoshi, H.The development of immune complex trapping in newly-induced lymphoid follicles of draining popliteal lymph nodes was investigated in young adult mice, which had been given bilateral injection of hemocyanin (KLH) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA), each absorbed onto alumina. HRP-anti-HRP immune complex was injected into the footpad 1 day before sacrifice. Using three series of semi-serial cryostat sections prepared from each popliteal node, the number of lymphoid follicles in each node was counted, and follicular localization of the in vivo injected and in vitro applied immune complexes in each follicle was determined. By day 5, a large germinal center had developed within each preexisting follicle. A large number of 'new' secondary follicles, each containing a small PNA-positive germinal center, appeared outside pre-existing follicles, from day 5 through day 11 in KLH-treated nodes, and from day 7 through day 14 in PHA-treated nodes. Shortly after their appearance, new secondary follicles showed no in vitro or in vivo trapping, but subsequently, many of the new follicles began to display in vitro trapping, at first weakly but later intensely. Occurrence of in vivo trapping in new follicles took some time and was first recognized when new follicles showed intense in vitro trapping. At day 21 or 25, many of the new follicles showed both in vitro and in vivo trapping. It was concluded that in lymph nodes treated with a stimulant, secondary follicles containing germinal centers can be formed de novo in the extrafollicular zone where the follicular trapping microenvironment is absent, but subsequently the microenvironment capable of trapping immune complexes develops at the site of formation of new follicles.