Publication: Efecto de modificaciones reglamentarias en etapas de formación en voleibol playa
Authors
Alvarado Ruano, Ruth
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Escuela Internacional de Doctorado
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Ortega Toro, Enrique ; Palao Andrés, José Manuel ; Ana Belén López Martínez, Ana Belén
Publisher
Universidad de Murcia
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DOI
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info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
Description
Abstract
El voleibol playa es un deporte de especialización tardía cuyas reglas de competición permanecen prácticamente invariadas desde las categorías sub-12 hasta la competición adulta. Esta ausencia de adaptación reglamentaria progresiva puede condicionar el proceso de formación, el disfrute y el desarrollo a largo plazo de los jugadores jóvenes. La presente tesis doctoral analiza la adaptación reglamentaria en el voleibol playa para categorías de formación desde distintas perspectivas, a través de ocho estudios encadenados y complementarios. En primer lugar, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática del efecto de la manipulación de condicionantes o constraints en voleibol pista y voleibol playa. El análisis de 36 artículos experimentales y cuasi-experimentales mostró que la evidencia en voleibol playa es muy escasa, especialmente en etapas formativas. En el estudio 2, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a quince entrenadores, quienes indicaron que el reglamento actual no se adapta a las necesidades de los jugadores en etapas formativas y que existe una necesidad percibida de adaptar progresivamente las condiciones de competición. En el estudio 3, se administró un cuestionario ad hoc a 42 jugadores sénior de nivel nacional e internacional. Los resultados indicaron que los deportistas perciben que las condiciones de su etapa de desarrollo no estaban adaptadas a las características de niños y adolescentes, y mostraron la necesidad de modificaciones reglamentarias progresivas, especialmente en las dimensiones del campo y la altura de la red. En el estudio 4 se analizó el efecto de la superficie de juego (arena vs. superficie rígida) sobre el rendimiento en desplazamientos y saltos en 74 jugadores de nivel regional de diferentes grupos de edad y sexo. Los resultados mostraron un rendimiento significativamente menor sobre arena en todos los grupos y una evolución progresiva en la capacidad de salto y desplazamiento asociada a la edad, diferente entre hombres y mujeres. En el estudio 5 se realizó un análisis observacional en competición desde U12 hasta sénior en ambos sexos para establecer las exigencias del juego. Los resultados aportaron perfiles de referencia y evidenciaron una evolución progresiva de los indicadores técnico-tácticos y físicos hasta la élite. Estos trabajos constituyeron la base empírica para el diseño de las adaptaciones reglamentarias experimentales. A partir de los estudios 1 a 5, se elaboró una propuesta de reglas experimentales para sub-12, sub-14 y sub-16 (estudio 6), que incluía reducciones en la altura de la red y las dimensiones de la pista, limitación de saques consecutivos y rotación obligatoria de lados para sub-12 y sub-14, con la opción adicional de coger el balón en sub-12. En sub-16, la propuesta incluyó la limitación de saques consecutivos y la rotación obligatoria de lados. Estas propuestas fueron testadas en competición real en categoría femenina (estudio 7) y masculina (estudio 8), con 18 participantes por sexo, seis por categoría. Los resultados mostraron que el impacto de las modificaciones fue diferente según el grupo de edad y el sexo. En sub-12, el formato experimental implicó mayor frecuencia de acciones de ataque y mejora en la eficacia de la recepción, la colocación y la defensa. En sub-14, los efectos se concentraron en la calidad de ejecución sin modificar la estructura general del juego. En sub-16, la rotación obligatoria generó diferencias en la calidad del ataque según el lado de la pista, lo que sugirió la influencia de la especialización posicional. En conjunto, los resultados demuestran que no existe un modelo reglamentario único válido para todas las categorías y contextos. Las reglas testadas pueden servir de base para futuras adaptaciones e investigaciones.
Beach volleyball is a late specialization sport whose competition rules remain practically unchanged from the under-12 categories through to adult competition. This absence of progressive regulatory adaptation may affect the development process, enjoyment, and long-term formation of young players. This doctoral thesis analyzes regulatory adaptations in beach volleyball for formative categories from multiple perspectives, through eight interrelated and complementary studies aimed at determining how to adapt the rules to developmental ages. First, a systematic review was conducted on the effect of manipulating constraints in indoor volleyball and beach volleyball. The analysis of 36 experimental and quasi-experimental articles revealed that experimental evidence in beach volleyball is very scarce, especially in formative stages, and provided information on rule modifications applied in indoor volleyball. Next, the perspectives of the agents directly involved in the development process were analyzed. In Study 2, semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen beach volleyball coaches, who indicated that the current rules do not meet the needs of players in formative stages and that there is a perceived need to progressively adapt competition conditions. In Study 3, an ad hoc questionnaire was administered to 42 players at national and international levels. The results showed that athletes perceived that the conditions under which they underwent their formative stage were not adapted to the characteristics of children and adolescents, and highlighted the need for progressive rule changes, particularly regarding court dimensions and net height. Study 4 examined the effect of playing surface (sand vs. hard surface) on running and jumping performance in 74 regional-level players of different age groups and genders. The results showed significantly lower performance on sand in all groups, as well as progressive age-related improvement in jumping and movement abilities, with differences between men and women. Study 5 consisted of an observational analysis conducted during competitions ranging from U12 to senior categories in both men's and women's divisions, aimed at establishing the demands of the game across age groups. The results provided reference values to guide interventions and evidenced a progressive evolution of technical-tactical and physical indicators from the lower categories through to elite level. Based on the information gathered in Studies 1 to 5, an experimental rules proposal was developed for the U12, U14, and U16 categories (Study 6), which was evaluated under real competition conditions through two experimental studies, one in the girls' category (Study 7) and one in the boys' category (Study 8), with 18 participants per gender, six per category. The results showed that the impact of the rule changes differed by age group and gender. In U12, the experimental format increased the frequency of attacking actions and improved reception, setting, and attack efficiency. In U14, the effects were concentrated on the quality of execution of certain actions without altering the overall structure of the game. In U16, mandatory side rotation led to differences in attack quality depending on the side of the court, suggesting the influence of positional specialization. Overall, the results demonstrate that there are numerous factors to consider when adapting the introductory phase for young athletes and that there is no single regulatory model valid for all age groups and contexts. The proposals derived from this thesis can serve as a basis for future adaptations and research. National and international federations should develop flexible and progressive regulatory frameworks, adapted to the age group, gender, and level of the athlete, as an alternative to the current one-size-fits-all model in youth development.
Beach volleyball is a late specialization sport whose competition rules remain practically unchanged from the under-12 categories through to adult competition. This absence of progressive regulatory adaptation may affect the development process, enjoyment, and long-term formation of young players. This doctoral thesis analyzes regulatory adaptations in beach volleyball for formative categories from multiple perspectives, through eight interrelated and complementary studies aimed at determining how to adapt the rules to developmental ages. First, a systematic review was conducted on the effect of manipulating constraints in indoor volleyball and beach volleyball. The analysis of 36 experimental and quasi-experimental articles revealed that experimental evidence in beach volleyball is very scarce, especially in formative stages, and provided information on rule modifications applied in indoor volleyball. Next, the perspectives of the agents directly involved in the development process were analyzed. In Study 2, semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen beach volleyball coaches, who indicated that the current rules do not meet the needs of players in formative stages and that there is a perceived need to progressively adapt competition conditions. In Study 3, an ad hoc questionnaire was administered to 42 players at national and international levels. The results showed that athletes perceived that the conditions under which they underwent their formative stage were not adapted to the characteristics of children and adolescents, and highlighted the need for progressive rule changes, particularly regarding court dimensions and net height. Study 4 examined the effect of playing surface (sand vs. hard surface) on running and jumping performance in 74 regional-level players of different age groups and genders. The results showed significantly lower performance on sand in all groups, as well as progressive age-related improvement in jumping and movement abilities, with differences between men and women. Study 5 consisted of an observational analysis conducted during competitions ranging from U12 to senior categories in both men's and women's divisions, aimed at establishing the demands of the game across age groups. The results provided reference values to guide interventions and evidenced a progressive evolution of technical-tactical and physical indicators from the lower categories through to elite level. Based on the information gathered in Studies 1 to 5, an experimental rules proposal was developed for the U12, U14, and U16 categories (Study 6), which was evaluated under real competition conditions through two experimental studies, one in the girls' category (Study 7) and one in the boys' category (Study 8), with 18 participants per gender, six per category. The results showed that the impact of the rule changes differed by age group and gender. In U12, the experimental format increased the frequency of attacking actions and improved reception, setting, and attack efficiency. In U14, the effects were concentrated on the quality of execution of certain actions without altering the overall structure of the game. In U16, mandatory side rotation led to differences in attack quality depending on the side of the court, suggesting the influence of positional specialization. Overall, the results demonstrate that there are numerous factors to consider when adapting the introductory phase for young athletes and that there is no single regulatory model valid for all age groups and contexts. The proposals derived from this thesis can serve as a basis for future adaptations and research. National and international federations should develop flexible and progressive regulatory frameworks, adapted to the age group, gender, and level of the athlete, as an alternative to the current one-size-fits-all model in youth development.
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