Histology and histopathology Vol.32, nº9 (2017)
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- PublicationOpen AccessEthanol enhances thymocyte apoptosis and autophagy in macrophages of rat thymi(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2017) Betsuyaku, Tsubasa; Eid, Nabil; Ito, Yuko; Tanaka, Yoshihisa; Otsuki, Yoshinori; Kondo, YoichiTingible body macrophages (TBMs) play essential roles in the phagocytosis of apoptotic lymphocytes, specifically under exposure to various stressors. Although excessive ethanol consumption may enhance thymocyte apoptosis, reports investigating the autophagic response of the thymus to ethanol toxicity are still lacking. We investigated apoptosis and autophagy in thymi of an animal model of binge ethanol exposure. Adult male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally either with 5 g/kg ethanol or phosphate buffer saline (for the control group) and sacrificed 0, 3, 6 and 24 hours after injection. Light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed enhanced formation of TBMs phagocytosing many apoptotic thymocytes in the thymic cortex of the ethanol-treated rats (ETRs), and this formation was particularly marked at 24 h. The macrophages showed signs of activation under TEM and immunofluorescence double labeling with RM4 (a macrophage marker) and iNOS. Additionally, in comparison to the control group, autophagy was enhanced in ETR thymic TBMs as evidenced ultrastructurally by accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, immunohistochemical increases in LC3 puncta, Western blot analysis of the latter protein, and colocalization of LC3 and RM4 in immunofluorescence double labeling. Immunoelectron microscopy also revealed LC3-labeled autophagic vacuoles and apoptotic cell phagosomes in ETR TBMs, suggesting the possibility of LC3-related phagocytosis. This was confirmed by enhanced colocalization of LC3 with lysosomal cathepsins in double labeling. These results indicate that enhanced autophagy in ETR thymic TBMs is not only a cytoprotective mechanism but could also be involved in the clearance of apoptotic thymocytes, thus preventing autoimmune reactions and suppressing inflammatory response.
- PublicationOpen AccessVascular mimicry in glioblastoma following anti-angiogenic and anti-20-HETE therapies(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2017) Angara, Kartik; Rashid, Mohammad H.; Shankar, Adarsh; Ara, Roxan; Iskander, Asm; Borin, Thaiz F.; Jain, Meenu; Achyut, Bhagelu R.; Arbab, Ali S.Glioblastoma (GBM) is one hypervascular and hypoxic tumor known among solid tumors. Antiangiogenic therapeutics (AATs) have been tested as an adjuvant to normalize blood vessels and control abnormal vasculature. Evidence of relapse exemplified in the progressive tumor growth following AAT reflects development of resistance to AATs. Here, we identified that GBM following AAT (Vatalanib) acquired an alternate mechanism to support tumor growth, called vascular mimicry (VM). We observed that Vatalanib induced VM vessels are positive for periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) matrix but devoid of any endothelium on the inner side and lined by tumor cells on the outer-side. The PAS+ matrix is positive for basal laminae (laminin) indicating vascular structures. Vatalanib treated GBM displayed various stages of VM such as initiation (mosaic), sustenance, and full-blown VM. Mature VM structures contain red blood cells (RBC) and bear semblance to the functional blood vessel-like structures, which provide all growth factors to favor tumor growth. Vatalanib treatment significantly increased VM especially in the core of the tumor, where HIF-1α was highly expressed in tumor cells. VM vessels correlate with hypoxia and are characterized by co-localized MHC-1+ tumor and HIF-1α expression. Interestingly, 20-HETE synthesis inhibitor HET0016 significantly decreased GBM tumors through decreasing VM structures both at the core and at periphery of the tumors. In summary, AAT induced resistance characterized by VM is an alternative mechanism adopted by tumors to make functional vessels by transdifferentiation of tumor cells into endothelial-like cells to supply nutrients in the event of hypoxia. AAT induced VM is a potential therapeutic target of the novel formulation of HET0016. Our present study suggests that HET0016 has a potential to target therapeutic resistance and can be combined with other antitumor agents in preclinical and clinical trials.
- PublicationOpen AccessDevelopment of biological tools to assess the role of TMPRSS4 and identification of novel tumor types with high expression of this prometastatic protein(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2017) Villalba, Maria; Lopez, Lissett; Redrado, Miriam; Ruiz, Tamara; de Aberasturi, Arrate L.; de la Roja, Nuria; Garcia, David; Exposito, Francisco; de Andrea, Carlos; Álvarez Fernández, Emilio; Montuenga, Luis; Rueda, Paloma; Rodriguez, Maria Jose; Calvo, AlfonsoMetastatic spread is responsible for the majority of cancer deaths and identification of metastasisrelated therapeutic targets is compulsory. TMPRSS4 is a pro-metastatic druggable transmembrane type II serine protease whose expression has been associated with the development of several cancer types and poor prognosis. To study the role and expression of this protease in cancer, we have developed molecular tools (active recombinant proteins and a polyclonal antibody) that can be used for diagnostic purposes and for testing anti-TMPRSS4 drugs. In addition, we have evaluated TMPRSS4 protein expression in several cancer tissue microarrays (TMAs). Full length and truncated TMPRSS4 recombinant proteins maintained the catalytic activity in two different expression systems (baculovirus and E. coli). Sensitivity of the rabbit polyclonal antisera against TMPRSS4 (ING-pAb) outperformed the antibody most commonly used in clinical settings. Analysis by immunohistochemistry in the different TMAs identified a subset of adenocarcinomas, squamous carcinomas, large cell carcinomas and carcinoids of the lung, in which TMPRSS4 expression may define aggressive tumors. In conclusion, our biological tools will help the characterization of TMPRSS4 activity and protein expression, as well as the evaluation of anti-TMPRSS4 drugs. Future studies should determine the clinical value of assessing TMPRSS4 levels in different types of lung cancer.
- PublicationOpen AccessTargeting miR-155 suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis of HL-60 cells by targeting Slug/PUMA signal(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2017) Liang, Hui; Dong, Ziyan; Liu, Jiang Feng; Chuang, Wei; Gao, Li Zhen; Ren, Yu GuoRecent studies have shown that high miR155 expression was associated with poor prognosis in patients with acute myelogeneous leukemia (AML). Furthermore, targeting miR-155 results in monocytic differentiation and apoptosis. However, the exact role and mechanisms of miR-155 in human AML remains speculative. HL-60 cells were treated with anti-miR-155 for 72 h. Cell growth and apoptosis in vitro were detected by MTT, BrdU proliferation, colony formation and flow cytometry assay. The effect of anti-miR-155 on growth of HL-60 cells was also evaluated in a leukemia mouse model. Slug cDNA and PUMA siRNA trannsfection was used to assess the signal pathway. Different protein expression was detected by western blot assay and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. The results shown that targeting miR-155 resulted in a 24-fold decrease of miR-155 expression compared to negative control in the HL-60 cells. Targeting miR-155 significantly downregulated Slug and upregulated PUMA expression, and decreased HL-60 cell growth by 70% , impaired colony formation by approximately 60%, and increased HL-60 cell apoptosis by 45%. Targeting PUMA reversed miR-155 sliencing-induced proliferation and apoptosis of HL-60 cells. Restoration of Slug decreased PUMA expression. In murine engraftment models of HL-60 cells, we showed that targeting miR-155 was able to reduce tumor growth. This was accompanied with decreased Slug expression and increased PUMA expression in these tumors. Collectively, our findings strongly suggest targeting miR-155 exhibited in vivo and in vitro antileukemic activities in AML through a novel mechanism resulting in inhibition of Slug expression and increase of PUMA expression.
- PublicationOpen AccessChitooligosaccharide promotes immune organ development in broiler chickens and reduces serum lipid levels(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2017) Shenghe, Li; Erhui, Jin; Enmei, Qiao; Guozhong, Wu; Kui, LiThis study investigated the effects of chitooligosaccharide on lipid metabolism, immune organ development, and lymphocyte apoptosis in broiler chickens. A total of 480 one-day-old broiler chickens (Arbor Acres) were randomly and evenly assigned to control group and experimental groups I, II, and III. The control group was given a basic diet, while experimental groups I, II, and III were given basic diets for 42 days, supplemented with 50 mg/kg chlortetracycline, 20, and 40 mg/kg chitooligosaccharide, respectively. We found levels of serum triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to be significantly reduced in experimental group II after 21 days, while the periarterial lymphatic sheath area of the spleens and the average number of bursa of Fabricius nodes were markedly increased. The serum total protein (TP) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, bursa of Fabricius index, and bursa of Fabricius lobule areas were additionally increased in experimental group III. After 42 days, the serum TP content had also increased and the bursa of Fabricius lobule area was augmented as well in experimental group II. Moreover, the splenic periarterial lymphatic sheath areas and the average numbers of bursa of Fabricius nodes were significantly increased in experimental group III. At both 21 and 42 days, numbers of Caspase-3 positive cells in spleen and bursa of Fabricius were significantly decreased in experimental groups II and III. Our results show that appropriate supplementation of chitooligosaccharide may improve lipid metabolism, promote immune organ development, and inhibit lymphocyte apoptosis in broilers.