Histology and histopathology Vol.30,nº10 (2015)

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    Molecular mechanisms in dental follicle precursor cells during the osteogenic differentiation
    (F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Morsczeck, Christian
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    Role of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH 1/2) gene mutations in human tumors
    (F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Liu, Xiang; Ling, Zhi-Qiang
    In recent years, frequent isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/IDH2) gene mutations were found in a variety of tumors, which specifically alter arginine residues of catalytic active site in IDH1/IDH2 and confer new enzymatic function of directly catalyzing alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2- HG). 2-HG could competitively inhibit α-KG–dependent enzymes and might therefore contribute to tumorigenesis. In addition, mutation status of IDH1/IDH2 is closely related to the progress and prognosis of certain tumors. Thus IDH1/IDH2 is considered to be a promising biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis and targeted therapy. In this study, the current research on IDH1/IDH2 mutation, especially the mechanisms and clinical characteristics related to tumor, are reviewed.
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    Anticancer properties of carotenoids in prostate cancer. A review
    (F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) da Costa Pereira Soares, Nathalia; Junger Teodoro, Anderson; Falagan Lotsch, Priscila; Mauro Granjeiro, José; Borojevic, Radovan
    Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer of men in the world. Several epidemiological studies have linked increased carotenoids consumption with decreased prostate cancer risk. These findings are supported by in vitro and in vivo experiments showing that carotenoids not only enhance the antioxidant response of prostate cells, but that they are able to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis and decrease the metastatic capacity of prostate cancer cells. However, clear clinical evidence supporting the use of carotenoids in prevention or treatment of prostate cancer is not available, due to the limited number of published randomized clinical trials, and the varying protocols used in the existing studies. The scope of the present review is to discuss the potential impact of carotenoids on prostate cancer by giving an overview of the molecular mechanisms and in vitro / in vivo effects.
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    The clinical translational potential of p53-related alterations as cancer biomarkers
    (F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Xiao, Meng; Wang, Xu; Chen, Wantao
    We aimed to analyse and summarise the potential value of the clinical use of p53-related alterations as cancer biomarkers. A systematic search and collection of the published meta-analyses on p53- related alterations and cancers in the past 5 years was conducted through appropriate queries in the PubMed database. We then composed “grey-scale” tables to show the significant levels for each variant, and the potential heterogeneity was subsequently discussed. The data show that p53-related alterations are extremely complex biomarkers in terms of their clinical translation. Together with the experimental studies on p53-related alterations, a gold-standard approach is still in need of development, with more evidence from clinical studies with large, prospectively planned cohorts, to fully understand its potential as a cancer biomarker.
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    Effects of metabolic syndrome on the ultrastructure of the femoral nerve in aging rats
    (F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Rodrigues de Souza, Romeu; Gama, Eliane F.; El-Razi Neto, Semaan; Maldonado, Diogo
    The aim of the present study was to characterize the morphometry of the femoral nerve in aging rats with metabolic syndrome compared to controls. Systolic blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose were measured, and myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in the femoral nerves were quantitatively assessed under electron microscopy. Aging rats exposed to a regimen of metabolic syndrome developed elevation of plasma glucose concentration, mild hypertension and polyneuropathy characterized by a decrease in myelin fiber area, axon diameter, myelin sheath thickness and myelin fiber loss in the femoral nerve. The histogram of size distribution for myelinated fibers and axons from the aging rats of the control group was bimodal. For aging MS animals, the histogram turned out to be unimodal. The ultrastructure of unmyelinated fibers and of Schwann cells in 18-monthold rats was well preserved. Granules of lipofuscin were seen in unmyelinated fiber axons of 18-month-old rats with MS. The damage percentage of the large myelinated fibers has increased significantly in 18- month-old and 18-month-old (MS) rats in relation to the controls. No significant difference was observed among the groups for the g-ratio. Comparing the three groups, the number of neurotubules and neurofilaments in myelinated fibers of 18-month-old rats with MS was significantly smaller than for the groups of 18-month-old and 14-month-old rats. The overall changes seen in the femoral nerve from aging rats seem minor compared to the changes in the aging rats with MS, suggesting that long-term MS accelerates the progressive modifications in peripheral nerves that develop in old age.