Publication: Automated Spectrophotometric Assays for the Measurement of Ammonia and Bicarbonate in Saliva of Horses: Analytical Validation and Changes in Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS)
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Date
2024-02-28
Authors
Muñoz-Prieto, Alberto ; Llamas-Amor, Eva ; Contreras-Aguilar, María Dolores ; Ayala de la Peña, Ignacio ; Martín Cuervo, María ; Cerón, José Joaquín ; Hansen, Sanni
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Publisher
MDPI
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Description
© 2024. The authors. Once the embargo has passed, this document will be available under the CC-BY 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0/
This document is the published version of a published work that appeared in final form in Metabolites
To access the final work, see DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14030147
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) and bicarbonate (HCO3) have been related to gastric ulcers in humans.
Ammonia is considered a possible cause of gastric ulcers, whereas bicarbonate has a protective
function. The presence of ulcers in the stomach of horses is defined as Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome
(EGUS), which is a frequent disease in this species, and it has been associated with changes in
saliva composition, such as in analytes related to inflammation, immune system and oxidative
stress. The objectives of this study were (1) to perform an analytical validation of two automated
spectrophotometric assays, one for ammonia and one for bicarbonate, in the horses’ saliva and
(2) to evaluate their possible variations with EGUS. Analytical validation of the automated assays for
ammonia and bicarbonate in the saliva of horses showed that both assays were precise and accurate.
In addition, significantly higher values of ammonia and lower values of bicarbonate were found in
the saliva of horses with EGUS compared to healthy horses. It can be concluded that ammonia and
bicarbonate can be measured in the saliva of horses and that ammonia increases and bicarbonate
decreases in this sample type could be related to the presence of EGUS in this species.
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