Person: García Pallarés, Jesús
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García Pallarés
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García Pallarés, Jesús
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PublicationOpen AccessWingate test, when time and overdue fatigue matter: validity and sensitivity of two time-shortened versions(MDPI, 2020-11-11) Hernández Belmonte, Alejandro; Buendía-Romero, Ángel; Martínez Cava, Alejandro; Courel Ibáñez, Javier; Mora-Rodríguez, Ricardo; García Pallarés, Jesús; Actividad Física y DeporteThis study aimed to analyze the validity and sensitivity of two time-shortened Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnTs), by means of three phases. In Phase A, 40 participants performed a traditional 30 s WAnT, whereas the first 15 s (WAnT15) and 20 s (WAnT20) were used to elaborate two predictive models. In Phase B, another 30 s WAnT was performed by 15 different volunteers to examine the error of these models (cross-validation). Finally, in Phase C, a 30 s WAnT was registered before and after a 10-week velocity-based training conducted by 22 different participants (training group, TRAIN = 11; control group that fully refrained from any type of training, CONTROL = 11). Power changes (in Watts, W) after this training intervention were used to interpret the sensitivity of the time-shortened WAnT. Adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) was reported for each regression model, whereas the cross-validation analysis included the smallest detectable change (SDC) and bias. Close relationships were found between the traditional 30 s WAnT and both the WAnT15 (R2 = 0.98) and WAnT20 (R2 = 0.99). Cross-validation analysis showed a lower error and bias for WAnT20 (SDC = 9.3 W, bias = −0.1 W) compared to WAnT15 (SDC = 22.2 W, bias = 1.8 W). Lastly, sensitivity to identify individual changes was higher for WAnT20 (TRAIN = 11/11 subjects, CONTROL = 9/11 subjects) than for WAnT15 (TRAIN = 4/11 subjects, CONTROL = 2/11 subjects). These findings suggest that the WAnT20 could become a valid and sensitive protocol to replace the traditional 30 s WAnT.- PublicationEmbargoPectoralis cross-sectional area can be accurately measured using panoramic ultrasound: a validity and repeatability study(2021-11-30) Hernández Belmonte, Alejandro; Martínez Cava, Alejandro; García Pallarés, Jesús; Actividad Física y DeporteThe objective of the current study was to examine the validity and repeatability of panoramic ultrasound in evaluating the anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) of the pectoralis major. Specifically, we aimed to quantify the measurement errors generated during the image acquisition and analysis (repeatability), as well as when comparing with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (validity). Moreover, we aimed to analyze the influence of the operator’s experience on these measurement errors. Both sides of the chest of 16 participants (n = 32) were included. Errors made by two operators (trained and novice) when measuring pectoralis major ACSA (50% of sternum areola mammae distance) were examined. Acquisition errors included the comparison of two images acquired 5 min apart. Acquisition 1 was analyzed twice to quantify analysis errors. Thereafter, acquisition 1 was compared with MRI. Statistics include the standard error of measurement (SEM), expressed in absolute (cm2) and relative (%) terms as a coefficient of variation (CV), and the calculation of systematic bias. Errors made by the trained operator were lower than those made by the novice, especially during the image acquisition (SEM = 0.25 vs. 0.66 cm2, CV = 1.06 vs. 2.98%) and when compared with MRI (SEM = 0.27 vs. 1.90 cm2, CV = 1.13 vs. 8.16%). Furthermore, although both operators underestimated the ACSA, magnitude and variability [SD] of these errors were lower for the trained operator (bias = 0.19 [0.34] cm2) than for the novice (bias = 1.97 [2.59] cm2). Panoramic ultrasound is a valid and repeatable technique for measuring pectoralis major ACSA, especially when implemented by a trained operator.
- PublicationOpen AccessA comprehensive analysis of the velocity-based method in the shoulder press exercise: stability of the load-velocity relationship and sticking region parameters(Termedia Publishing, 2020-08-31) Hernández Belmonte, Alejandro; Martínez Cava, Alejandro; Morán Navarro, Ricardo; Courel Ibañez, Javier; García Pallarés, Jesús; Actividad Física y DeporteThe purpose of this study was threefold: i) to analyse the load-velocity relationship of the shoulder press (SP) exercise, ii) to investigate the stability (intra-individual variability) of this load-velocity relationship for athletes with different relative strength levels, and after a 10-week velocity-based resistance training (VBT), and iii) to describe the velocity-time pattern of the SP: first peak velocity [Vmax1], minimum velocity [Vmin], and second peak velocity [Vmax2]. This study involves a cross-sectional (T1, n = 48 subjects with low, medium and high strength levels) and longitudinal (T2, n = 24 subjects randomly selected from T1 sample) design. In T1, subjects completed a progressive loading test up to the 1RM in the SP exercise. The barbell mean, peak and mean propulsive velocities (MV, PV and MPV) were monitored. In T2, subjects repeated the loading test after 10 weeks of VBT. There were very close relationships between the %1RM and velocity attained in the three velocity outcomes (T1, R2: MV = 0.970; MPV = 0.969; PV = 0.954), being even stronger at the individual level (T1, R2 = 0.973–0.997). The MPV attained at the 1RM (~0.19 m·s-1) was consistent among different strength levels. Despite the fact that 1RM increased ~17.5% after the VBT programme, average MPV along the load-velocity relationship remained unaltered between T1 and T2 (0.69 ± 0.06 vs. 0.70 ± 0.06 m·s-1). Lastly, the three key parameters of the velocity-time curve were detected from loads > 74.9% 1RM at 14.3% (Vmax1), 46.1% (Vmin), and 88.7% (Vmax2) of the concentric phase. These results may serve as a practical guideline to effectively implement the velocity-based method in the SP exercise.
- PublicationOpen AccessPanoramic ultrasound requires a trained operator and specific evaluation sites to maximize its sensitivity: a comprehensive analysis of the measurement errors(Elsevier, 2022-02-08) Hernández Belmonte, Alejandro; Martínez Cava, Alejandro; García Pallarés, Jesús; Actividad Física y DeporteThis study aimed to examine the validity and repeatability of panoramic ultrasound to evaluate the anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) of quadriceps femoris muscles. Specifically, we aimed to quantify the errors generated during the image acquisition and analysis (repeatability), as well as when comparing with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (validity). Moreover, we analyzed the influence of the operator's experience and the region of the thigh, on these errors. Both thighs of 16 subjects were included. The validity and repeatability study quantified the errors made by two operators (trained and novice) when measuring ACSA of vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis-intermedius (VMVI), and rectus femoris (RF), in six thigh regions (from 20 to 70%). Two ACSA images were acquired 5 min apart to examine acquisition errors, whereas acquisition #1 was analyzed twice to quantify analysis errors. Thereafter, ACSA of acquisition #1 was compared with that measured by MRI. Statistics included the standard error of measurement (SEM) expressed in absolute (cm2) and relative terms (%) as a coefficient of variation (CV). Measurement errors were lower for the trained operator than for the novice: Acquisition (SEM = 0.05 – 0.78 vs. 0.25 – 1.42 cm2), analysis (SEM = 0.13 – 1.93 vs. 0.30 – 3.05 cm2) and compared-with-MRI (SEM = 0.13 – 1.93 vs. 0.30 – 3.05 cm2). Regions with the lowest errors were those located at the middle of the thigh (40–50%), although slight between-muscle differences were found: VMVI (30–40%), VL (40–50%), RF (50–60%). These findings suggest that the accurate implementation of panoramic ultrasound to measure ACSA of quadriceps femoris muscles requires a trained operator and specific evaluation sites.
- PublicationEmbargoThe 2-point method: A quick, accurate, and repeatable approach to estimate ultrasoundderived quadriceps femoris cross-sectional area(Human Kinetics, 2022-07-18) Hernández Belmonte, Alejandro; Martínez Cava, Alejandro; García Pallarés, Jesús; Actividad Física y DeportePurpose: To analyze the feasibility of the 2-point method for estimating ultrasound-derived quadriceps femoris cross-sectional area (QUADACSA). First, (1) the agreement between QUADACSA measured by panoramic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was studied, and thereafter, we examined 2 approaches of the 2-point method in terms of (2) estimation errors and (3) test–retest repeatability. Methods: Both thighs of 16 young men were analyzed. Ultrasound-QUADACSA versus MRI-QUADACSA comparison was conducted at 6 thigh lengths (20%–70% of the thigh length). Thereafter, ultrasound-QUADACSA corresponding to 30% and 60% (2-point30%–60%) or 20% and 70% (2-point20%–70%) were used to estimate QUADACSA of the remaining regions. Estimated QUADACSA resulting from both 2-point approaches was compared with the measured one. Finally, the test–retest repeatability was examined by comparing the errors generated on 2 separate estimations. Statistics included the standard error of measurement (SEM) expressed in absolute (in square centimeters) and relative terms (in percentage) as a coefficient of variation (CV), as well as the intraclass correlation cofficient (ICC) and bias. Results: An excellent agreement (ICC ≥ 0.980) and reduced errors (SEM ≤ 2.43 cm2) resulted from the ultrasound-QUADACSA versus MRI-QUADACSA comparison. Although estimation errors found were reduced (CV ≤ 7.50%), they proved to be lower and less biased for the 2-point30%–60%, especially at the central regions (SEM ≤ 2.01 cm2; bias ≤ 0.89 cm2). Similarly, repeatability analysis revealed lower test–retest errors for the 2-point30%–60% (CV ≤ 1.9%) than for the 2-point20%–70% (CV ≤ 4.6%). Conclusion: The 2-point method, especially that implemented using the 30% and 60% regions, represents an accurate and repeatable strategy to evaluate QUADACSA.
- PublicationEmbargoVelocity-based method in free-weight and machine-based training modalities: the degree of freedom matters(Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2023-09) Hernández Belmonte, Alejandro; Buendía Romero, Ángel; García Pallarés, Jesús; Martínez Cava, Alejandro; Actividad Física y DeporteThis study aimed to analyze and compare the load-velocity relationships of free-weight and machine-based modalities of 4 resistance exercises. Moreover, we examined the influence of the subject's strength level on these load-velocity relationships. Fifty men completed a loading test in the free-weight and machine-based modalities of the bench press, full squat, shoulder press, and prone bench pull exercises. General and individual relationships between relative intensity (%1RM) and velocity variables were studied through the coefficient of determination (R2) and standard error of the estimate (SEE). Moreover, the velocity attained to each %1RM was compared between both modalities. Subjects were divided into stronger and weaker to study whether the subject's strength level influences the mean test (mean propulsive velocity [MPVTest]) and 1RM (MPV1RM) velocities. For both modalities, very close relationships (R2 ≥ 0.95) and reduced estimation errors were found when velocity was analyzed as a dependent (SEE ≤ 0.086 m·s−1) and independent (SEE ≤ 5.7% 1RM) variable concerning the %1RM. Fits were found to be higher (R2 ≥ 0.995) for individual load-velocity relationships. Concerning the between-modality comparison, the velocity attained at each intensity (from 30 to 100% 1RM) was significantly faster for the free-weight variant. Finally, nonsignificant differences were found when comparing MPVTest (differences ≤ 0.02 m·s−1) and MPV1RM (differences ≤ 0.01 m·s−1) between stronger and weaker subjects. These findings prove the accuracy and stability of the velocity-based method in the free-weight and machine-based variants but highlight the need to use the load-velocity relationship (preferably the individual one) specific to each training modality.
- PublicationOpen AccessEffects of velocity loss threshold during resistance training on strength and athletic adaptations: a systematic review with meta-analysis(MDPI, 2022-04-27) Hernández Belmonte, Alejandro; García Pallarés, Jesús; Actividad Física y DeporteThis study aimed to systematically review the effects of the different velocity loss (VL) thresholds during resistance training (RT) on strength and athletic adaptations. The VL was analyzed as both a categorical and continuous variable. For the categorical analysis, individual VL thresholds were divided into Low-ModVL (≤ 25% VL) or Mod-HighVL (> 25% VL). The efficacy of these VL thresholds was examined using between-group (Low-ModVL vs. Mod-HighVL) and within-group (pre–post effects in each group) analyses. For the continuous analysis, the relationship (R2) between each individual VL threshold and its respective effect size (ES) in each outcome was examined. Ten studies (308 resistance-trained young men) were finally included. The Low-ModVL group trained using a significantly (p ≤ 0.001) lower VL (16.1 ± 6.2 vs. 39.8 ± 9.0%) and volume (212.0 ± 102.3 vs. 384.0 ± 95.0 repetitions) compared with Mod-HighVL. Between-group analyses yielded higher efficacy of Low-ModVL over Mod-HighVL to increase performance against low (ES = 0.31, p = 0.01) and moderate/high loads (ES = 0.21, p = 0.07). Within-group analyses revealed superior effects after training using Low-ModVL thresholds in all strength (Low-ModVL, ES = 0.79–2.39 vs. Mod-HighVL, ES = 0.59–1.91) and athletic (Low-ModVL, ES = 0.35–0.59 vs. Mod-HighVL, ES = 0.05–0.36) parameters. Relationship analyses showed that the adaptations produced decreased as the VL threshold increased, especially for the low loads (R2 = 0.73, p = 0.01), local endurance (R2 = 0.93, p = 0.04), and sprint ability (R2 = 0.61, p = 0.06). These findings prove that low–moderate levels of intra-set fatigue (≤25% VL) are more effective and efficient stimuli than moderate–high levels (> 25% VL) to promote strength and athletic adaptations.
- PublicationEmbargoFree-weight and machine-based training are equally effective on strength and hypertrophy: Challenging a traditional myth(Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), ) Hernández Belmonte, Alejandro; Martínez-Cava, Alejandro; Buendia Romero, Ángel; Franco-López, Francisco; García Pallarés, Jesús; Actividad Física y DeportePurpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of free-weight and machine-based resistance training on strength, hypertrophy, and joint discomfort. Methods: Thirty-eight resistance-trained men participated in an 8-wk resistance program allocated into free-weight (n = 19) or machine-based (n = 19) groups. Training variables were identical for both modalities, so they only differed in the use of barbells or machines to execute the full squat, bench press, prone bench pull, and shoulder press exercises. The velocity-based method was implemented to accurately adjust the intensity throughout the program. Strength changes were evaluated using eight velocity-monitored loading tests (four exercises × two modalities) and included the relative one-repetition maximum (1RMRel), as well as the mean propulsive velocity against low (MPVLow) and high (MPVHigh) loads. Ultrasound-derived cross-sectional area of quadriceps (proximal and distal regions), pectoralis major, and rectus abdominis was measured to examine hypertrophy. Complementarily, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaires were administrated to assess changes in lower- and upper-limb joint discomfort. Outcomes were compared using ANCOVA and percentage of change (∆) statistics. Results: Each group significantly (P < 0.001) increased 1RMRel, MPVLow, and MPVHigh for both modalities tested, but especially in the one they trained. When considering together the eight exercises tested, strength changes for both modalities were similar (∆ differences ≤1.8%, P ≥ 0.216). Likewise, the cross-sectional area of all the muscles evaluated was significantly increased by both modalities, with no significant differences between them (∆ difference ≤2.0%, P ≥ 0.208). No between-group differences (P ≥ 0.144) were found for changes in stiffness, pain, and functional disability levels, which were reduced by both modalities. Conclusions: Free-weight and machine-based modalities are similarly effective to promote strength and hypertrophy without increasing joint discomfort.
- PublicationEmbargoLevel of effort: a reliable and practical alternative to the velocity-based approach for monitoring resistance training(Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2022-11) Hernández Belmonte, Alejandro; Courel Ibáñez, Javier; Conesa Ros, Elena; Martínez Cava, Alejandro; García Pallarés, Jesús; Actividad Física y DeporteThis study analyzed the potential of the level of effort methodology as an accurate indicator of the programmed relative load (percentage of one-repetition maximum [%1RM]) and intraset volume of the set during resistance training in the bench press, full squat, shoulder press, and prone bench pull exercises, through 3 specific objectives: (a) to examine the intersubject and intrasubject variability in the number of repetitions to failure (nRM) against the actual %1RM lifted (adjusted by the individual velocity), (b) to investigate the relationship between the number of repetitions completed and velocity loss reached, and (c) to study the influence of the subject's strength level on the aforementioned parameters. After determining their individual load-velocity relationships, 30 subjects with low (n = 10), medium (n = 10), and high (n = 10) relative strength levels completed 2 rounds of nRM tests against their 65, 75, 85, and 95% 1RM in the 4 exercises. The velocity of all repetitions was monitored using a linear transducer. Intersubject and intrasubject variability analyses included the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and the the standard error of measurement (SEM), respectively. Coefficient of determination (R2) was used as the indicator of relationship. nRM showed a limited intersubject (CI ≤ 4 repetitions) and a very low intrasubject (SEM ≤1.9 repetitions) variability for all the strength levels, %1RM, and exercises analyzed. A very close relationship (R2 ≥ 0.97) between the number of repetitions completed and the percentage of velocity loss reached (from 10 to 60%) was found. These findings strengthen the level of effort as a reliable, precise, and practical strategy for programming resistance training.
- PublicationOpen AccessAdaptations in athletic performance and muscle architecture are not meaningfully conditioned by training free-weight versus machine-based exercises: Challenging a traditional assumption using the veloicity-based method(Wiley, 2023-06-21) Hernández Belmonte, Alejandro; Buendía Romero, Ángel; Franco-López, Francisco; Martínez Cava, Alejandro; García Pallarés, Jesús; García Pallarés, Jesús; Martínez Cava, Alejandro; Franco López, Francisco; Actividad Física y Deporte
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