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Digital development levels in the European Union: measurement and analysis

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dc.contributor.authorMaya Matallana, Manuel de
dc.contributor.authorGarcía Luque, Olga
dc.contributor.authorLópez Martínez, María
dc.contributor.authorRodríguez Pasquín, Myriam
dc.contributor.departmentEconomía Aplicada
dc.contributor.otherFacultad de Economía y Empresa
dc.date.accessioned2026-09-02T07:13:01Z
dc.date.available2026-09-02T07:13:01Z
dc.date.copyright© 2026 by the authors
dc.date.issued2026-02-12
dc.description.abstractDigital transformation is a key driver of economic and social progress, and assessing its evolution is essential for guiding public policies. In the European Union (EU), until 2022 the European Commission published the quantitative values of the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI); however, it is no longer being published, which makes it difficult to compare the digitalisation process between Member States. This study proposes a new composite index, the DESI-DP2, constructed using the distance P2 methodology (DP2), which provides a synthetic and up to date measurement of the digitalisation levels in the twenty-seven EU countries in 2025, both at an aggregate term and by dimensions. The results reveal notable stability in the ranking of countries, with Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, and Sweden as persistent leaders, and Bulgaria and Romania among the most lagging countries. Moreover, although digitalisation is positively associated with human development, a high level of development alone is not sufficient to ensure strong digital performance. Finally, the study identifies a shift in the explanatory factors behind crosscountry differences, from digital skills toward the digital transformation of the business sector, offering relevant insights for the design of public policies within the framework of the European Digital Decade.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.format.extent18
dc.identifier.citationEconomies 2026, 14, 58
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/economies14020058
dc.identifier.eissn2227-7099
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10201/247201
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relationSin financiación externa a la Universidad
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/14/2/58
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.accessRightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.subjectMultidimensional measurement
dc.subjectP2 distance (DP2)
dc.subjectDigital Economy and Society Index (DESI)
dc.subjectDigital skills
dc.subjectDigital transformation
dc.subject.odsNo relacionado con ningún objetivo de desarrollo sostenible
dc.titleDigital development levels in the European Union: measurement and analysis
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersión
dspace.entity.typePublicationes
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relation.isAuthorOfPublication08c39d54-c762-4836-babb-e714635a9b4d
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationf0237e24-235a-47b0-99f2-4fb84d89e956
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryb410a7e6-5f8b-4885-96e9-b9d101a70737
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