Publication: La arquitectura doméstica de Hispania citerior : catálogo e interpretación
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Date
2026-06-19
Authors
Gómez Marín, Javier
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Escuela Internacional de Doctorado
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Noguera Celdrán, José Miguel ; Jiménez Salvador, José Luis
Publisher
Universidad de Murcia
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DOI
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info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
Description
Programa de Doctorado en Historia, Geografía e Historia del Arte: Sociedad, territorio y patrimonio
Abstract
Este trabajo analiza la evolución de la vivienda urbana romana en la provincia Citerior Tarraconensis entre el siglo II a. C. y finales del siglo III d. C. Debido a su gran extensión y diversidad, este territorio constituye un magnífico laboratorio donde estudiar los distintos aspectos y elementos de la arquitectura doméstica romana en la provincia y su evolución diacrónica a lo largo de estos cinco siglos. Con el fin de esbozar una imagen lo más completa posible de la arquitectura privada de la provincia, uno de los principales objetivos a cumplimentar fue la elaboración de un completo corpus que recogiera todas las evidencias de viviendas documentadas en la Citerior. Una vez finalizado el catálogo, este actuó como la principal base de datos a la hora de desarrollar la posterior investigación, la cual ha ofrecido una serie de conclusiones muy reveladoras.
Tras la conquista de Hispania durante los siglos II y I a. C., se introdujeron progresivamente modelos arquitectónicos propios del mundo itálico. Durante el periodo tardorrepublicano predominaban las casas de atrio o las casas de atrio y peristilo, características de la tradición doméstica romana. Con el tiempo, especialmente durante el Alto Imperio, la casa de peristilo se consolidó como el principal modelo de residencia urbana entre las élites. Estas viviendas se organizaban en torno a un espacio porticado central que articulaba las distintas estancias y servía como espacio de representación social. No obstante, estas tipologías convivieron con otras formas de vivienda más sencillas. Estas domus también coexistían con otras unidades domésticas más modestas habitadas por sectores sociales menos privilegiados, las cuales podían estar vinculadas a actividades comerciales, situarse en las plantas superiores de los edificios o ser el resultado de la reutilización de espacios originalmente destinados a funciones públicas.
Junto a la tipología de las viviendas, la investigación se centra igualmente en la organización interna de sus espacios, su funcionalidad y los programas decorativos que las caracterizaban. La disposición de las estancias dentro de la casa ofrece información sobre la jerarquía social y el uso de los diferentes ambientes. Asimismo, se analizan las técnicas constructivas empleadas tanto en la construcción inicial como en las reformas posteriores, las cuales reflejan una gran variedad de soluciones arquitectónicas condicionadas por factores cronológicos, geográficos y funcionales. El trabajo también presta atención a aspectos importantes de la vida doméstica, como los espacios dedicados al culto familiar y la importancia del agua. Las instalaciones hidráulicas, como cisternas o conducciones, eran elementos fundamentales para el funcionamiento cotidiano de las viviendas. La evolución de la arquitectura doméstica también se refleja en los programas decorativos. Durante la tardorrepública y los inicios del Alto Imperio fueron frecuentes los pavimentos de opus signinum, algunos de los cuales dotados de ornamentación teselada. Posteriormente se difundieron pavimentos más elaborados, como el opus sectile y el opus tessellatum, cuyas características seguían inicialmente los modelos itálicos. A partir del siglo II d. C., con el nacimiento de los talleres musivarios locales de Hispania, vemos el surgimiento de producciones con ciertas características propias. En la decoración mural predominan el III y el IV estilo pompeyano, mientras que los ejemplos del I y el II estilo son escasos, debido posiblemente a su desaparición como consecuencia de las fases edilicias posteriores.
Finalmente, la adopción de los modelos arquitectónicos romanos fue desigual. En las regiones orientales la influencia romana se adoptó con mayor rapidez, mientras que en la mitad occidental se mantuvieron durante más tiempo las tradiciones indígenas. Tras la reorganización administrativa de Augusto, las capitales conventuales de fundación romana actuaron como centros de romanización dentro de territorios donde aún predominaban los asentamientos y las costumbres prerromanas.
This study analyses the evolution of Roman urban housing in the province of Citerior Tarraconensis between the 2nd century BC and the end of the 3rd century AD. Owing to its vast extent and diversity, this territory constitutes an excellent laboratory in which to examine the different aspects and elements of Roman domestic architecture in the province and its diachronic development over the course of these five centuries. In order to outline as complete a picture as possible of private architecture in the province, one of the principal objectives was the compilation of a comprehensive corpus gathering all the documented evidence of dwellings in the Citerior. Once the catalogue had been completed, it served as the main database for the subsequent research, which has yielded a series of highly revealing conclusions. Following the conquest of Hispania during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, architectural models characteristic of the Italic world were gradually introduced. During the Late Republican period, atrium houses and atrium-peristyle houses predominated, both typical of the Roman domestic tradition. Over time, especially during the High Empire, the peristyle house became established as the principal model of urban residence among the elites. These dwellings were organised around a central porticoed space that structured the various rooms and functioned as a setting for social representation. Nevertheless, these typologies coexisted with other, simpler forms of housing. These domus also existed alongside more modest domestic units inhabited by less privileged social groups, which could be associated with commercial activities, located on the upper floors of buildings, or result from the reuse of spaces originally intended for public functions. In addition to housing typology, the research also focuses on the internal organisation of domestic spaces, their functionality, and the decorative programmes that characterised them. The arrangement of rooms within the house provides information about social hierarchy and the use of different environments. The construction techniques employed both in the initial building phases and in later refurbishments are also analysed; these reveal a wide variety of architectural solutions conditioned by chronological, geographical, and functional factors. The study likewise addresses important aspects of domestic life, such as spaces devoted to family cult and the importance of water. Hydraulic installations, such as cisterns and conduits, were fundamental elements for the daily functioning of these dwellings. The evolution of domestic architecture is also reflected in decorative programmes. During the Late Republic and the early High Empire, pavements in opus signinum were common, some of them featuring tessellated ornamentation. Later, more elaborate pavements spread, such as opus sectile and opus tessellatum, whose characteristics initially followed Italic models. From the 2nd century AD onwards, with the emergence of local mosaic workshops in Hispania, productions displaying certain distinctive characteristics began to appear. In wall decoration, the Third and Fourth Pompeian Styles predominate, while examples of the First and Second Styles are scarce, possibly due to their disappearance because of later building phases. Finally, the adoption of Roman architectural models was uneven. In the eastern regions Roman influence was adopted more rapidly, whereas in the western half indigenous traditions persisted for a longer period. Following the administrative reorganisation carried out by Augustus, the conventus capitals founded by Rome acted as centres of Romanisation within territories where pre-Roman settlements and customs still predominated.
This study analyses the evolution of Roman urban housing in the province of Citerior Tarraconensis between the 2nd century BC and the end of the 3rd century AD. Owing to its vast extent and diversity, this territory constitutes an excellent laboratory in which to examine the different aspects and elements of Roman domestic architecture in the province and its diachronic development over the course of these five centuries. In order to outline as complete a picture as possible of private architecture in the province, one of the principal objectives was the compilation of a comprehensive corpus gathering all the documented evidence of dwellings in the Citerior. Once the catalogue had been completed, it served as the main database for the subsequent research, which has yielded a series of highly revealing conclusions. Following the conquest of Hispania during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, architectural models characteristic of the Italic world were gradually introduced. During the Late Republican period, atrium houses and atrium-peristyle houses predominated, both typical of the Roman domestic tradition. Over time, especially during the High Empire, the peristyle house became established as the principal model of urban residence among the elites. These dwellings were organised around a central porticoed space that structured the various rooms and functioned as a setting for social representation. Nevertheless, these typologies coexisted with other, simpler forms of housing. These domus also existed alongside more modest domestic units inhabited by less privileged social groups, which could be associated with commercial activities, located on the upper floors of buildings, or result from the reuse of spaces originally intended for public functions. In addition to housing typology, the research also focuses on the internal organisation of domestic spaces, their functionality, and the decorative programmes that characterised them. The arrangement of rooms within the house provides information about social hierarchy and the use of different environments. The construction techniques employed both in the initial building phases and in later refurbishments are also analysed; these reveal a wide variety of architectural solutions conditioned by chronological, geographical, and functional factors. The study likewise addresses important aspects of domestic life, such as spaces devoted to family cult and the importance of water. Hydraulic installations, such as cisterns and conduits, were fundamental elements for the daily functioning of these dwellings. The evolution of domestic architecture is also reflected in decorative programmes. During the Late Republic and the early High Empire, pavements in opus signinum were common, some of them featuring tessellated ornamentation. Later, more elaborate pavements spread, such as opus sectile and opus tessellatum, whose characteristics initially followed Italic models. From the 2nd century AD onwards, with the emergence of local mosaic workshops in Hispania, productions displaying certain distinctive characteristics began to appear. In wall decoration, the Third and Fourth Pompeian Styles predominate, while examples of the First and Second Styles are scarce, possibly due to their disappearance because of later building phases. Finally, the adoption of Roman architectural models was uneven. In the eastern regions Roman influence was adopted more rapidly, whereas in the western half indigenous traditions persisted for a longer period. Following the administrative reorganisation carried out by Augustus, the conventus capitals founded by Rome acted as centres of Romanisation within territories where pre-Roman settlements and customs still predominated.
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