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Arenas Jiménez, Francisco

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Arenas Jiménez, Francisco
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Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Vegetal
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  • Publication
    Open Access
    Analysis of mycelial growth and development of the desert truffle "Terfezia claveryi" Chatin and microorganisms associated to desert truffle mycorrhizal plants
    (Universidad de Murcia, 2021-12-21) Arenas Jiménez, Francisco; Navarro Ródenas, Alfonso; Morte Gómez, María Asunción; Escuela Internacional de Doctorado
    Terfezia claveryi Chatin es un hongo hipogeo comestible perteneciente al grupo conocido como “trufas del desierto”, localizado principalmente en ecosistemas áridos y semiáridos de la cuenca del Mediterráneo. En su hábitat natural, T. claveryi establece simbiosis ectendomicorrícica con numerosas especies del género Helianthemum y su fructificación es en primavera. Fue la primera especie dentro de las trufas del desierto en ser cultivada, y desde entonces se ha convertido en un cultivo agrícola alternativo en zonas semiáridas de la Península Ibérica, que ha ido incrementándose durante los últimos años. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo principal el estudio del comportamiento miceliar de la trufa del desierto T. claveryi, tanto en laboratorio como en campo, así como los microorganismos asociados a la rizosfera de plantas hospedantes del género Helianthemum con el fin de conocer más su biología y mejorar su cultivo. Para ello, se planteó el desarrollo de cinco objetivos parciales que dieron lugar a los siguientes resultados y conclusiones. Inicialmente, se evaluó el crecimiento miceliar de T. claveryi en condiciones in vitro, probando en el medio de cultivo MMN (sólido y líquido) distintas concentraciones de macronutrientes, micronutrientes y vitaminas, diferentes condiciones de pH, tamaño de inóculo inicial y relación C/N. Los resultados permitieron diseñar un medio de cultivo MMN optimizado que mejoraba la biomasa miceliar producida. Además, el micelio producido en cultivo líquido en biorreactor permitió la producción de planta micorrizada. En segundo lugar, se estudió la dinámica miceliar de T. claveryi s.l. en suelo durante 4 años en distintas zonas naturales y en plantaciones de la Región de Murcia. Para ello, se diseñaron cebadores específicos para la cuantificación de ADN en suelo con la técnica de PCR cuantitativa a tiempo real, en cada una de las estaciones. Finalmente, se desarrolló un protocolo con la pareja de primers Tc452F/TerclaR, que detecta los productos de PCR. La distribución del micelio fue independiente de las características geográficas de las áreas estudiadas. El año fue la única variable que separó significativamente los datos de micelio en dos grupos (años 1-4 y 2-3), existiendo diferencias significativas sólo para las estaciones de invierno y primavera. Además, el micelio de invierno se correlacionó fuertemente con las variables agroclimáticas del otoño previo, siendo positivas para la precipitación, el índice de aridez y la humedad relativa y negativas para la temperatura máxima, el déficit de presión de vapor y la evapotranspiración. En tercer lugar, se aislaron las bacterias de la rizosfera de T. claveryi x H. almeriense a lo largo de las estaciones. Se realizó una caracterizaron fenotípica, bioquímica, molecular y de las actividades PGPR de las colonias bacterianas (solubilización del fósforo, liberación de auxinas, producción de sideróforos y actividad ACC-deaminasa). Los análisis estadísticos revelaron un enriquecimiento significativo en bacterias solubilizadoras de fósforo (liberadoras de ácidos orgánicos) y con actividad ACC-deaminasa durante la época de fructificación del hongo. Además, se confirmó que un cambio del estado fenológico de la planta determinaba un cambio en la comunidad bacteriana vinculado a sus rasgos PGPR. Por último, para conocer la comunidad de hongos asociados a plantas productoras de ascocarpos frente a las plantas no productoras se utilizaron herramientas de secuenciación masiva de ADN, tanto en suelo como en raíz. Se encontraron distintos patrones en la composición de especies de hongos en función de la productividad. Además, algunos modos tróficos fúngicos fueron identificados como relevantes por tener un efecto positivo o negativo sobre la producción de ascocarpos. Finalmente, se encontraron un grupo de OTUs significativos asociados a zonas productivas, que podrían usarse como marcadores para la localización de trufas del desierto.
  • Publication
    Open Access
    Elevated atmospheric CO 2 modifies responses to water-stress and flowering of Mediterranean desert truffle mycorrhizal shrubs
    (2020) Navarro-Ródenas, Alfonso; Peguero-Pina, José Javier; Luigi Guarnizo, Angel; Gil-Pelegrín, Eustaquio; Arenas Jiménez, Francisco; Marqués Gálvez, José Eduardo; Morte Gómez, María Asunción; Biología Vegetal
    Predicted increases in atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) coupled with increased temperatures and drought are expected to strongly influence the development of most of the plant species in the world, espe- cially in areas with high risk of desertification like the Mediterranean basin. Helianthemum almeriense is an ecologically important Mediterranean shrub with an added interest because it serves as the host for the Terfezia cla- veryi mycorrhizal fungus, which is a desert truffle with increasingly commer- cial interest. Although both plant and fungi are known to be well adapted to dry conditions, it is still uncertain how the increase in atmospheric CO2 will influence them. In this article we have addressed the physiological responses of H. almeriense × T. claveryi mycorrhizal plants to increases in atmospheric CO2 coupled with drought and high vapor pressure deficit. This work reports one of the few estimations of mesophyll conductance in a drought deciduous Mediterranean shrub and evaluates its role in photosyn- thesis limitation. High atmospheric CO2 concentrations help desert truffle mycorrhizal plants to cope with the adverse effects of progressive drought during Mediterranean springs by improving carbon net assimilation, intrinsic water use efficiency and dispersal of the species through increased flowering events
  • Publication
    Open Access
    Desert truffle genomes reveal their reproductive modes and new insights into plant–fungal interaction and ectendomycorrhizal lifestyle
    (Wiley, 2020-10-28) Marqués Gálvez, José Eduardo; Miyauchi, Shingo; Paolocci, Francesco; Navarro Ródenas, Alfonso; Arenas Jiménez, Francisco; Pérez Gilabert, Manuela; Morin, Emmanuelle; Auer, Lucas; Barry, Kerrie W.; Kuo, alan; Grigoriev, Igor V.; Martin, Francis M.; Kohler, Annegret; Morte Gómez, María Asunción; Biología Vegetal; Facultades de la UMU::Facultad de Biología
    Desert truffles are edible hypogeous fungi forming ectendomycorrhizal symbiosis with plants of Cistaceae family. Knowledge about the reproductive modes of these fungi and the molecular mechanisms driving the ectendomycorrhizal interaction is lacking. Genomes of the highly appreciated edible desert truffles Terfezia claveryi Chatin and Tirmania nivea Trappe have been sequenced and compared with other Pezizomycetes. Transcriptomes of T. claveryi × Helianthemum almeriense mycorrhiza from well-watered and drought-stressed plants, when intracellular colonizations is promoted, were investigated. We have identified the fungal genes related to sexual reproduction in desert truffles and desert-truffles-specific genomic and secretomic features with respect to other Pezizomycetes, such as the expansion of a large set of gene families with unknown Pfam domains and a number of species or desert-truffle-specific small secreted proteins differentially regulated in symbiosis. A core set of plant genes, including carbohydrate, lipid-metabolism, and defence-related genes, differentially expressed in mycorrhiza under both conditions was found. Our results highlight the singularities of desert truffles with respect to other mycorrhizal fungi while providing a first glimpse on plant and fungal determinants involved in ecto to endo symbiotic switch that occurs in desert truffle under dry conditions.
  • Publication
    Open Access
    Mycelium of Terfezia claveryi as inoculum source to produce desert truffle mycorrhizal plants
    (Springer, 2018-09-20) Navarro-Ródenas, Alfonso; Chávez, Daniel; Gutiérrez, Almudena; Arenas Jiménez, Francisco; Morte Gómez, María Asunción; Pérez Gilabert, Manuela; Biología Vegetal
    Terfezia claveryi Chatin was the first desert truffle species to be cultivated, the mycorrhizal plants being successfully produced by using both desert truffle spores and mycelia. However, it is more advisable to use mycelium than spores whenever possible and profitable. Given the low yields of mycelia obtained using traditional culture methods of this truffle, the medium composition was modified in an attempt to determine its nutritional requirements. For this, an assay involving response surface methodology was performed using Box-Behnken design to find the optimal parameters for the high production of mycelial biomass. The best results were obtained with glucose as carbon source, buffering the pH at 5 during culture, adding a pool of vitamins and adjusting the optimal concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources of the MMN medium. Biomass production increased from 0.3 to 3 g L-1 dry weight and productivity increased from 10.7 to 95.8 mg L-1 d-1 dry weight. The produced mycelium was able to colonize Helianthemum roots efficiently, providing more than 50 % ectomycorrhizal colonization.
  • Publication
    Open Access
    Different patterns in root and soil fungal diversity drive plant productivity of the desert truffle Terfezia claveryi in plantation
    (Wiley, 2021-07-28) Arenas Jiménez, Francisco; Navarro Ródenas, Alfonso; Marqués Gálvez, José Eduardo; Ghignone, Stefano; Mello, Antonietta; Morte Gómez, María Asunción; Biología Vegetal; Facultades de la UMU::Facultad de Biología
    The desert truffle Terfezia claveryi is one of the few mycorrhizal fungi currently in cultivation in semiarid and arid areas. Agroclimatic parameters seem to affect its annual yield, but there is no information on the influence of biotic factors. In this study, fungal diversity was analysed by high-throughput sequencing of the ITS2 rDNA region from soil and root samples to compare productive and non-productive mycorrhizal plants in a 4-years old plantation (Murcia, Spain). The fungal metaprofile was dominated by Ascomycota phylum. Desert truffle productivity was driven by different patterns of fungal species composition in soil (species replacement) and root (species richness differences). Moreover, positive associations for ectomycorrhizal and negative for arbuscular mycorrhizal guilds were found in productive roots, and positive associations for fungal parasite-plant pathogen guild in non-productive ones. Soil samples were dominated by pathotroph and saprotroph trophic modes, showing positive associations for Aureobasidium pullulans and Alternaria sp. in productive areas, and positive associations for Fusarium sp. and Mortierella sp. were found in non-productive soils. Finally, some significant OTUs were identified and associated to ascocarp producing patches, which could serve as predictive and location markers of desert truffle production.
  • Publication
    Restricted
    Basic and Applied Research for Desert Truffle Cultivation
    (Springer, 2017) Morte Gómez, María Asunción; Pérez Gilabert, Manuela; Gutiérrez Abbad, Almudena; Arenas Jiménez, Francisco; Marqués Gálvez, José Eduardo; Bordallo, Juan Julián; Rodríguez, Antonio; Berná Amorós, Luis Miguel; Lozano-Carrillo, Cecilia; Navarro Ródenas, Alfonso; Biología Vegetal
    This chapter summarizes the latest basic and applied advances in desert truffle research carried out to improve our knowledge of the biodiversity, physiology, biotechnology, and cultivation of these hypogeous and edible fungi. ITS-rDNA sequences in phylo-geographic studies and host plant and soil pH characteristics have been the key to describing eight new desert truffle species. The production of desert truffle mycorrhizal plants has been improved by using β-cyclodextrin and bioreactors for mycelium culture and native beneficial bacteria (PGPR and MHB) to increase seedling survival and mycorrhization. Some fungal enzymes have also been characterized in Terfezia claveryi ascocarps. The presence of alkaline phosphatase both in mycelia and ascocarps indicates that this enzyme plays an important role during the life cycle of T. claveryi, while acid phosphatase might be involved in a process that takes place during the ascocarp stage. Numerous desert truffle plantations have been established in Spain in the last 10 years. A high density of mycorrhizal plants combined with a proper irrigation are two important factors to stimulate ascocarp production. The combination of a high rate of intracellular colonization together with the fine-tuned expression of fungal and plant aquaporins could result in a morpho-physiological adaptation of this symbiosis in drought conditions. Moreover, desert truffle sylviculture is proposed for improving truffle production and for conserving the natural areas where desert truffle grow.
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    Publication
    Restricted
    Datos del proyecto PID2020-115210RB-I00: Mecanismos de nutrición y reproducción implicados en la fructificación de las trufas del desierto (UNDERGROUND)
    (2026) Morte Gómez, María Asunción; Arenas Jiménez, Francisco; Biología Vegetal; Facultades de la UMU::Facultad de Biología
  • Publication
    Open Access
    Plan de Gestión de Datos del proyecto PID2020-115210RB-I00: Mecanismos de nutrición y reproducción implicados en la fructificación de las trufas del desierto (UNDERGROUND)
    (2026) francisco arenas; Morte Gómez, María Asunción; Arenas Jiménez, Francisco; Biología Vegetal; Facultades de la UMU::Facultad de Biología