Social inequalities hamper pro-environmental mobility intentions in Europe

Abstract

Promoting pro-environmental mobility, such as walking, cycling, reducing car usage, and using public transport, can improve population health and create sustainable environments. However, accessibility of resources and socioeconomic status, along with environmental awareness, can affect these behaviors. To explore the impact of socioeconomic status and resident place on awareness and active mobility, we analyzed data from the Eurobarometer 2019 survey (n = 27,498 individuals aged over 14 years) using structural equation modeling. We focused on the association between socioeconomic status (subjective social class, education, economic issues) and community size (rural, small urban, large urban areas) with pro-environmental awareness and intentions in the European Union. Pro-environmental awareness partially mediated the relationship between socioeconomic status and intentions for pro-environmental mobility, such as using car alternatives, reducing unnecessary car trips, and improving public transport. Socioeconomically disadvantaged groups (with low education, social class, and economic issues) reported lower awareness and intentions, while community size had minimal influence (0 < β < 0.1). Moreover, a social gradient in pro-environmental active mobility intentions was observed across European countries. These findings highlight the need for public health policies to address social and economic inequalities and promote environmental awareness to encourage alternative active mobility options among disadvantaged individuals.