Digitum Colección:http://hdl.handle.net/10201/13282024-03-28T23:41:30Z2024-03-28T23:41:30Z25th anniversary article: Rise to power - OPV-based solar parksKrebs, Frederik CEspinosa, NievesHösel, MarkusSøndergaard, RoarJørgensen, Mikkelhttp://hdl.handle.net/10201/1390022024-02-19T13:09:00Z2014-01-01T00:00:00ZTítulo: 25th anniversary article: Rise to power - OPV-based solar parks
Autor/es principal/es: Krebs, Frederik C; Espinosa, Nieves; Hösel, Markus; Søndergaard, Roar; Jørgensen, Mikkel
Resumen: A solar park based on polymer solar cells is described and analyzed with
respect to performance, practicality, installation speed, and energy payback
time. It is found that a high voltage installation where solar cells are all printed
in series enables an installation rate in Watts installed per minute that far
exceed any other PV technology in existence. The energy payback time for
the practical installation of polymer solar cell foil on a wooden 250 square
meter platform in its present form is 277 days when operated in Denmark and
180 days when operated in southern Spain. The installation and de-installation
rate is above 100 m min −1 , which, with the present performance and web
width, implies installation of >200 W min −1 . In comparison, this also exceeds
the overall manufacturing speed of the polymer solar cell foil with a width of
305 mm which is currently 1 m min −1 for complete encapsulated and tested
foil. It is also signifi cant that simultaneous installation and de-installation
which enables effi cient schemes for decommissioning and recycling is possible. It is highlighted where research efforts should most rationally be invested
in order to make grid electricity from OPV a reality (and it is within reach).
Descripción: Acceso restringido2014-01-01T00:00:00ZSolar cells with one-day energy payback for the factories of the futureEspinosa, NievesHösel, M.Angmo, DechanKrebs, Frederik C.http://hdl.handle.net/10201/1390012024-02-19T13:03:02ZTítulo: Solar cells with one-day energy payback for the factories of the future
Autor/es principal/es: Espinosa, Nieves; Hösel, M.; Angmo, Dechan; Krebs, Frederik C.
Resumen: Scalability is a requirement before any new energy source can be expected to house a possible solution to
the challenge that mankind’s increasing energy demand presents. No renewable energy source is as
abundant as the Sun and yet efficient and low-cost conversion of solar energy still has not been developed.
We approach the challenge by firstly taking a technology that efficiently addresses the need for daily
production of 1 GWp on a global level, which does not employ elements with critically low abundance
and has a low thermal budget. We then applied life cycle assessment methodologies to direct research and
developed such technology in the form of a polymer solar cell that presents a significant improvement in
energy payback time (EPBT) and found that very short energy payback times on the order of one day are
possible, thus potentially presenting a solution to the current energy gap of >14 TW by year 2050.
Descripción: Acceso restringidoLife cycle assessment of ITO-free flexible polymer solar cells prepared by roll-to-roll coating and printingEspinosa, NievesGarcía-Valverde, RafaelUrbina, AntonioLenzmann, FrankManceau, MatthieuAngmo, DechanKrebs, Frederik Chttp://hdl.handle.net/10201/1390002024-02-19T12:20:36ZTítulo: Life cycle assessment of ITO-free flexible polymer solar cells prepared by roll-to-roll coating and printing
Autor/es principal/es: Espinosa, Nieves; García-Valverde, Rafael; Urbina, Antonio; Lenzmann, Frank; Manceau, Matthieu; Angmo, Dechan; Krebs, Frederik C
Resumen: Indium is a scarce and expensive material that has been identified as a bottleneck for future organic
electronics deployment in large scale. Indium is the main constituent of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), which
is the most successful transparent electrode in organic photovoltaics (OPV) so far. A new process,
termed Hiflex, allows for manufacture of flexible OPV modules where the ITO electrode has been
replaced by a sputtered Al/Cr electrode in an inverted device architecture with front illumination. This
work presents a life cycle assessment of the Hiflex process, in order to compare the environmental
impact of avoiding ITO as electrode. The new ITO-free process reduces some of the processing steps,
leading to important reductions of the energy input during OPV module manufacturing in comparison
to ITO-based modules. The environmental analysis reveals an Energy Pay-Back time (EPBT) of 10 years
due to the high-energy consumption of Al/Cr roll-to-roll sputtering and to the relatively low efficiency
of the Hiflex OPV modules (E1%). An optimization of the active area fraction could easily reduce the
EPBT to E5 years. A further enhancement of the efficiency to 5% would give rise to a promising EPBT of
only 1 year. Our work highlights that vacuum processing steps should be avoided.
Descripción: Acceso restringidoA life cycle analysis of polymer solar cell modules prepared using roll-to-roll methods under ambient conditionsEspinosa, NievesGarcía-Valverde, RafaelUrbina, AntonioKrebs, Frederik C.http://hdl.handle.net/10201/1389982024-02-19T12:12:53ZTítulo: A life cycle analysis of polymer solar cell modules prepared using roll-to-roll methods under ambient conditions
Autor/es principal/es: Espinosa, Nieves; García-Valverde, Rafael; Urbina, Antonio; Krebs, Frederik C.
Resumen: A life cycle analysis was performed on a full roll-to-roll coating procedure used for the manufacture of
flexible polymer solar cell modules. The process known as ProcessOne employs a polyester substrate
with a sputtered layer of the transparent conductor indium-tin-oxide (ITO). The ITO film was processed
into the required pattern using a full roll-to-roll process, employing screen printing of an etch resist and
then applying etching, stripping, washing and drying procedures. The three subsequent layers; ZnO,
P3HT:PCBM and PEDOT:PSS were slot-die coated and the silver back electrode was screen printed.
Finally the polymer solar modules were encapsulated, using a polyester barrier material. All operations
except the application of ITO were carried out under ambient conditions. The life cycle analysis
delivered a material inventory of the full process for a module production, and an accountability of the
energy embedded both in the input materials and in the production processes. Finally, upon assumption
of power conversion efficiencies and lifetime for the modules, a calculation of energy pay-back time
allowed us to compare this roll-to-roll manufacturing with other organic and hybrid photovoltaic
technologies. The results showed that an Energy Pay-Back Time (EPBT) of 2.02 years can be
achieved for an organic solar module of 2% efficiency, which could be reduced to 1.35 years, if the
efficiency was 3%.
Descripción: Acceso restringido