Browsing by Subject "TBI"

Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
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    Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of reactive astrocytes responding to traumatic brain injury
    (Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Histiologia, 2021) Li, Jiatong; Wang, Xiaoxuan; Qin, Song
    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. Astrocytes are the largest cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) with numerous functions both physiologically and pathologically. In response to TBI, astrocytes go through a series of alterations referred to as reactive astrogliosis. It is now generally recognized that reactive astrocytes play a dual role in TBI development and tissue repair. Many molecules and signaling pathways have been demonstrated to be involved in the activation of astrocytes, including vital life-supporting substances (such as ATP), regulating hormones (such as gonadal steroids), injury-induced cytokines and chemokines. In this review, we focus on the role of certain specific molecules and related signaling pathways in regulating the activation of astrocytes in TBI. We also discuss the dual role of reactive astrocytes after TBI, which will be critical in the discovery of more appropriate strategies for brain injury treatment.
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    Visual deficits after traumatic brain injury
    (Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Histiologia, 2021) Rasiah, Pratheepa Kumari; Geier, Ben; Jha, Kumar Abhiram; Gangaraju, Rajashekhar
    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is frequently described as any head injury ceasing the brain's normal function. Anatomically, developmentally, and physiologically, the eye is deemed as an extension of the brain. Vision in TBI is underrepresented, and the number of active clinical trials in this field are sparse. Frequently, visual problems are overlooked at the time of TBI, often resulting in progressive vision loss, lengthening, and impairing rehabilitation. TBI can be either penetrative or non-penetrative, associated with degeneration of neurons, apoptotic cell death, inflammation, microglial activation, hemorrhage associated with vascular dysfunction; however, precise animal modeling that mimics the extensive visual deficits of TBI pathology remain elusive. Recent works in both the diagnostics and therapeutics fields are starting to make substantial progress in the right direction. Discussion of current advancements in TBI animal models and the recent pathophysiological findings related to the neuro-glia-vascular unit (NVU) will help elucidate novel targets for potential lines of therapeutics. Only over the past decade have newer pharmaceutical and stem cell-based treatments begun to come to light. The potency for these new lines of TBI specific curatives will be discussed along with the review of current blast-induced TBI models, providing potential directions for future research.