Investigación

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Investigación contiene los documentos generados por los docentes e investigadores de la Universidad en su labor de investigación. Este depósito tiene como objetivos el almacenamiento, la gestión, la preservación y la difusión de estos documentos, y pretende contribuir al aumento de la visibilidad del trabajo desarrollado por los miembros de la comunidad universitaria.

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Open Access
A cluster analysis of high-performance female team players’ perceived motivational climate: Implications on perceived motor competence and autonomous behaviour
(2022-12-06) Abraldes Valeiras, José Arturo; Conte Marín, Luis; Manzano Sánchez, David; Gómez López, Manuel; Sánchez-Alcaraz Martínez, Bernardino Javier; Actividad Física y Deporte
High performance sport for females is an area which is gaining more and more relevance today, but which hasn’t received the same research interest as sport for males. The aim of the present study was to analyse the motivational climate perceived by high performance female athletes and the implications on perceived motor competence and autonomous behaviour and check the differences according category, sport experience and training hours in performance and master climate. The participants were 615 female athletes who practice top level team sports, with ages comprised of 16 to 38 (M = 22,10; SD = 4,91). The sample consisted of two different categories: junior (n = 242) and senior (n = 373). These players participated in different team sports, specifically football, handball, basketball and volleyball, training between 6 and 24 hours a week (M = 8,34; DT = 4,33). The variables measured were: perceived motivational climate in sport, autonomous behaviour and perceived motor competence. A cluster analysis was carried out using, as a variable, the perceived motivational climate, and showing the existence of two profiles, one related to ego and the other to task. The multivariate analysis showed that the profile orientated towards the task had significant differences compared to the autonomous behaviour (M = 4.66 vs M = 3.41). At the same time an analysis was carried out looking at different social demographic variables, revealing how there were differences in the sports experience (those participants with more than ten years’ experience were more orientated towards ego, compared to those with less than ten years’ experience) and the category (junior athletes were more orientated towards the task, compared to senior athletes). It was concluded that a greater orientation towards the task can lead to an improvement in the perception of motor competence, with the youngest and least experienced athletes being the most prominent in this category.
Open Access
A comprehensive analysis of the velocity-based method in the shoulder press exercise: stability of the load-velocity relationship and sticking region parameters
(Termedia Publishing, 2020-08-31) Hernández Belmonte, Alejandro; García Pallarés, Jesús; Martínez Cava, Alejandro; Morán Navarro, Ricardo José; Courel Ibáñez, Javier; Actividad Física y Deporte
The purpose of this study was threefold: i) to analyse the load-velocity relationship of the shoulder press (SP) exercise, ii) to investigate the stability (intra-individual variability) of this load-velocity relationship for athletes with different relative strength levels, and after a 10-week velocity-based resistance training (VBT), and iii) to describe the velocity-time pattern of the SP: first peak velocity [Vmax1], minimum velocity [Vmin], and second peak velocity [Vmax2]. This study involves a cross-sectional (T1, n = 48 subjects with low, medium and high strength levels) and longitudinal (T2, n = 24 subjects randomly selected from T1 sample) design. In T1, subjects completed a progressive loading test up to the 1RM in the SP exercise. The barbell mean, peak and mean propulsive velocities (MV, PV and MPV) were monitored. In T2, subjects repeated the loading test after 10 weeks of VBT. There were very close relationships between the %1RM and velocity attained in the three velocity outcomes (T1, R2: MV = 0.970; MPV = 0.969; PV = 0.954), being even stronger at the individual level (T1, R2 = 0.973–0.997). The MPV attained at the 1RM (~0.19 m·s-1) was consistent among different strength levels. Despite the fact that 1RM increased ~17.5% after the VBT programme, average MPV along the load-velocity relationship remained unaltered between T1 and T2 (0.69 ± 0.06 vs. 0.70 ± 0.06 m·s-1). Lastly, the three key parameters of the velocity-time curve were detected from loads > 74.9% 1RM at 14.3% (Vmax1), 46.1% (Vmin), and 88.7% (Vmax2) of the concentric phase. These results may serve as a practical guideline to effectively implement the velocity-based method in the SP exercise.
Open Access
A Meta-Analysis of the Reliability of Four Field-Based Trunk Extension Endurance Tests
(MDPI, 2020-04-29) de Ste Croix, Mark; Vera-García, Francisco J; Ayala Rodríguez, Francisco; Martínez Romero, María Teresa; Sainz de Baranda Andújar, Pilar; Santonja Medina, Fernando; Sánchez Meca, Julio; Actividad Física y Deporte
This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the inter- and intra-tester reliability of endurance measures obtained through trunk extension field-based tests and to explore the influence of the moderators on the reliability estimates. The reliability induction rate of trunk extension endurance measures was also calculated. A systematic search was conducted using various databases, and subsequently 28 studies were selected that reported intraclass correlation coeﬃcients for trunk extension endurance measures. Separate meta-analyses were conducted using a random-eﬀects model. When possible, analyses of potential moderator variables were carried out. The inter-tester average reliability of the endurance measure obtained from the Biering-Sorensen test was intraclass correlation coeﬃcient (ICC)= 0.94. The intra-session reliability estimates of the endurance measures recorded using the Biering-Sorensen test, the prone isometric chest raise test, and the prone double straight-leg test were ICC= 0.88, 0.90, and 0.86, respectively. The inter-session average reliability of the endurance measures from the Biering-Sorensen test, the prone isometric chest raise test, and the dynamic extensor endurance test were ICC= 0.88, 0.95, and 0.99, respectively. However, due to the limited evidence available, the reliability estimates of the measures obtained through the prone isometric chest raise, prone double straight-leg, and dynamic extensor endurance tests should be considered with a degree of caution. Position control instruments, tools, and familiarization session demonstrated a statistical association with the inter-session reliability of the Biering-Sorensen test. The reliability induction rate was 72.8%. Only the trunk extension endurance measure obtained through the Biering-Sorensen test presented suﬃcient scientific evidence in terms of reliability to justify its use for research and practical purposes.
Open Access
Accelerometry Profile of Basketball Referees during U'16 Euroasket Women
(2019) García Santos, David; García Rubio, Javier; Reina, María; Vaquera, Alejandro; Ibañez, Sergio José; Pino Ortega, José; Actividad Física y Deporte
Open Access
Accelerometry-Based External Load Indicators in Sport: Too Many Options, Same Practical Outcome?
(2019) Gómez Carmona, Carlos D.; Sánchez Ureña, Braulio; Ibañez, Sergio José; Pino Ortega, José; Actividad Física y Deporte
Open Access
Accuracy and Inter-Unit Reliability of Ultra-Wide-Band Tracking System in Indoor Exercise
(2019) Bastida Castillo, Alejandro; Gómez Carmona, Carlos David; Reche Royo, Xavier; Ibáñez, Sergio José; Pino Ortega, José; Cruz Sánchez, Ernesto de la; Actividad Física y Deporte
Restricted
Acelerometría como método para el estudio de la carga externa en múltiples puntos articulares: aplicación al baloncesto
(2024) Gómez-Carmona, Carlos D.; Ibáñez, Sergio José; Pino Ortega, José; Actividad Física y Deporte; Ibáñez Godoy, Sergio J.; Fuentes Azpiroz, Maite
Open Access
Acelerometría. Método para cuantificar de la carga en deporte
(2024-01-26) Gómez Carmona, Carlos Darvid; Pino Ortega, José; Moreno Contreras, María Isabel; Actividad Física y Deporte
En este trabajo se muestra los procedimientos para cuantificar la carga en deporte a partir de la acelerometría.
Open Access
Acelt and player load: two variables to quantify neuromuscular load
(Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Comunidad Virtual Ciencias del Deporte, 2019) Reche-Soto, P.; Cardona, D.; Gómez-Carmona, Carlos David; Pino Ortega, José; Díaz Suárez, Arturo; Actividad Física y Deporte
Los objetivos de esta investigación son: (i) describir el comportamiento de las variables Player Load y AcelT y (ii) cuantificar la carga neuromuscular en diferentes puntos anatómicos (espalda, centro de masas, rodilla y tobillo) durante un test incremental en rampa en tapiz rodante. Veintitrés jugadores semiprofesionales de fútbol varones participaron voluntariamente en este estudio (edad: 22,56±4,8 años; masa corporal: 75,5±5,5 kg; altura: 1,79±0,5 m). Ambas variables se registraron empleando 4 dispositivos inerciales WIMUPROTM. Los principales resultados indican que: (1) existe una correlación casi perfecta entre ambas variables (r=0,931), (2) los mayores valores en ambas variables se han encontrado en la rodilla (PL = 8,01±2,76; AcelT = 2,70±0,50) y el tobillo (PL = 7,85±2,27; AcelT = 2,87±0,49) y (3) existe una amplia variabilidad intersujeto. En conclusión, Player Load y AcelT son dos indicadores válidos para el análisis y cuantificación de las demandas neuromusculares.
Open Access
Adaptations in athletic performance and muscle architecture are not meaningfully conditioned by training free-weight versus machine-based exercises: Challenging a traditional assumption using the veloicity-based method
(Wiley, 2023-06-21) Hernández Belmonte, Alejandro; Buendía Romero, Ángel; García Pallarés, Jesús; Martínez Cava, Alejandro; Franco López, Francisco; Actividad Física y Deporte
Open Access
Adherence to mediterranean diet related with physical fitness and physical activity in schoolchildren aged 6–13
(MDPI, 2020-02-22) López-Gil, José Francisco; Brazo-Sayavera, Javier; García-Hermoso, Antonio; Yuste Lucas, Juan Luis; Actividad Física y Deporte; Expresión Plástica, Musical y Dinámica
The relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) and both physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) level has been analysed in several studies. The aim of this research was to describe, compare and analyse the level of PF and PA in schoolchildren aged 6–13 in the Region of Murcia, according to adherence to the MD. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed. A total of 370 schoolchildren (44.9% girls) aged 6–13 (8.7 ± 1.8) from six primary schools in the Region of Murcia (Spain). Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for children and teenagers (KIDMED) was used to determinate the adherence to the MD. The ALPHA-FIT Test Battery was applied for assess body composition and PF. PA level was determined using Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). Only 25.9% of the schoolchildren had optimal adherence to the MD. Regarding the scores of the different PF tests in MD groups, only statistically significant differences were found for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (p = 0.048) in boys. PA level showed statistically significant differences in both boys (p = 0.040) and girls (p = 0.016). A positive relationship was found between the KIDMED and PA level (p = 0.235). A higher probability of having a greater CRF (OR = 1.17; CI = 1.02–1.34) and PA level (OR = 7.84; CI = 2.84–21.60) was found in high MD group. These results suggest that an optimal adherence to the MD is associated with higher CRF and PA level in the selected schoolchildren.
Open Access
Adolescents’ assessment of several step tracker mobile applications based on their previous level of Physical Activity
(MDPI, 2025-04-25) Gómez Cuesta, Nerea ; Mateo Orcajada, Adrián; Meroño, Lourdes ; Abenza Cano, Lucía ; Vaquero Cristóbal, Raquel; Actividad Física y Deporte; Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte
Background: Adolescents’ use of step tracker mobile applications (apps) could be influenced by their assessment of the mobile app used. Objectives: To analyze differences in the dropout rate, app assessment, and problematic mobile phone use based on prior physical activity levels and the app used. Methods: A study with a quasi-experimental design was carried out with the participation of 240 adolescents, who were further categorized as either active or inactive. The adolescents carried out a 10-week intervention promoted as a part of the physical education curriculum, three days a week, in which they randomly used the Pokémon Go, MapMyWalk, Pacer, or Strava mobile apps after school for cardiorespiratory training. Results: The results showed a higher dropout rate from Pokémon Go in the group of inactive adolescents (p = 0.012). No differences were found in the assessment of apps based on the level of activity of the adolescents, neither overall nor when analyzing this question based on the app used (p > 0.05). As for problematic mobile phone use, only previously inactive adolescents assigned to the Pacer group significantly increased their final score after the intervention (p = 0.044), with no changes being identified in the other groups or apps (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the active adolescents showed a positive relationship between the volume of training and problematic mobile phone use (p = 0.023), specifically with the conflicting use of this device (p = 0.017). Conclusions: The inactive adolescents had a higher dropout rate when using Pokémon Go. There were no differences in app assessment between the active and the inactive participants. However, the active adolescents showed a link between their training volume and problematic mobile phone use.
Open Access
Age-related differences in flexibility in soccer players 8-19 years old
(Peer Community In, 2019-01-29) De Ste Croix, Mark; Ayala Rodríguez, Francisco; Cejudo Palomo, Antonio; Robles Palazón, Francisco Javier; Ortega Toro, Enrique; Santonja Medina, Fernando; Sainz de Baranda Andújar, Pilar; Actividad Física y Deporte
Background. Muscle flexibility is a main component of health-related fitness and one of the basic components of fitness for the performance in some sports. Sport and health professionals require the flexibility profile of soccer to define quantitative aims in the training of flexibility. The aim of this study was to identify age-related differences in lower extremity flexibility in youth soccer players. Methods. Seventy-two young male soccer players (age: 13.0 ± 3.1 y; body mass: 50.5 ± 15.3 kg; stature 158.2 ± 16.8 cm; BMI: 19.6 ± 2.6 kg/m2) completed this study. Measures of eleven passive hip (hip extension (HE), hip adduction with hip flexed 90º (HAD-HF90º), hip flexion with knee flexed (HF-KF) and extended (HF-KE), hip abduction with hip neutral (HAB) and hip flexed 90º (HAB-HF90º), hip external (HER) and internal (HIR) rotation), knee (knee flexion (KF)) and ankle dorsiflexion (ankle dorsiflexion with knee flexed (ADF-KF) and extended (ADF-KE)) ranges of motion (ROM) were taken. Descriptive statistics were calculated for hip, knee and ankle ROM measured separately by leg (dominant and non-dominant) and age-group (U10, U12, U14, U16 and U19). The data was analysed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine the interaction of 11 ROM in the different players' age-group. Results. Generally, U10 and/or U12 soccer players obtain the highest mean value in almost all ROM evaluated (U10: HAD-HF [39.6º ± 4.3º], ADF-KE [32.3º ± 4.1º], HER [63.5º ± 5.6º] and HAB-HF90º [64.1º ± 7.5º); U12: HE [17.7º ± 6.2º], HAB [35.6º ± 3.0º], HIR [60.8º ± 4.7º] and KF [133.8º ± 7.1º]). Nonetheless, significant differences between the players' age-groups are just found in HAD-HF90º (p = .042; ES = .136), HAB (p = .001; ES = .252), HIR (p = .001; ES = .251), HER (p < .001; ES = .321) and HAB-HF90º (p < .001; ES = .376) ROM, showing a progressive and irregular decrease in these ROM until the U19 team. Conclusion. The findings of this study reinforce the necessity of prescribing exercises aimed at improving HAD-HF90º ROM in U16, HAB ROM in U14, HIR ROM in U16 and U19, HER ROM in U12 and U19, and HAB-HF90º ROM in U16 and U19 players within everyday soccer training routines.
Open Access
Análisis de las demandas cinemáticas en fútbol sala: estudio de caso en una final de copa
(2020-06-12) Rico González, Markel; Pino Ortega, José; Actividad Física y Deporte
Open Access
Análisis del distinto tratamiento autonómico que se da al deporte escolar
(Consejería de Educación y Cultura, 2002) Sánchez Roca, Catalina; Martínez Moreno, Alfonso; Actividad Física y Deporte
El actual estado de las autonomías hace inevitable analizar como tratan cada una de ellas, desde sus diferentes leyes, el deporte en edad escolar y así poder comprender como dichas instituciones lo planifican, lo desarrollan y en definitiva lo entienden. Pudiendo apreciar la importancia, o no, que cada una le concede a este apartado. Pudiendo estimar cuales van a ser los tratamientos del mismo en la realidad, no olvidemos que “el papel lo aguanta todo”. Las posibilidades van desde la dedicación de un capitulo hasta el más absoluto olvido.
Open Access
Análisis del perfil del voluntariado del evento Sport4Cancer
(2023-07-22) Martínez Quiles, María; López Gullón, José María; Angosto Sánchez, Salvador; Actividad Física y Deporte
Open Access
Analysis of ruck contact exposure and technical–tactical behaviors related to match outcome in International Rugby Union
(MDPI, 2026-08-03) Villarejo García, Diego; Navarro-Martínez, Carlos; López Baro, Pedro; Daza-Sobrino, Gabriel; Del Rosso, Sebastián; Pino Ortega, José; Actividad Física y Deporte; Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte
This study examined the association between technical–tactical ruck variables and the probability of defeat in international rugby union. Six variables (Pitch Territory, Number of Phases, Match Half, Player Type, Gainline Progression/Ruck Position, and Number of Players in the Ruck) were recorded from 2575 rucks across 26 international matches played by the Spanish national team. The binary logistic regression model displayed a significant overall fit (χ2 = 137.247, df = 9, p < 0.001, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.0692, AUC = 0.6208), achieving 57.98% global accuracy. A high Number of Phases (OR = 3.265 for ≥7 Phases), playing within Own Territory (OR = 1.481), operating Behind Gainline (OR = 1.478), or On Gainline (OR = 1.369), and actions during the Second Half (65.7%) compared to the First Half (54.5%) were significantly associated with higher odds of defeat. Conversely, the post hoc GLMM sensitivity check showed that the associations for these variables remained broadly consistent, while indicating that the exclusive involvement of Backs was associated with the highest estimated probability of defeat among the Player Type categories (64.4% vs. 57.2% for Forwards), and that the involvement of ≥4 players in the ruck became statistically significant in the mixed-effects model after accounting for match-level clustering and was associated with a higher estimated probability of defeat. In conclusion, Number of Phases, Pitch Territory, Gainline Progression, and the quantity and Player Type involved are significantly associated with defeat, aligning with specific contact exposure environments.
Open Access
Analysis of the prediction of motivational climate in handball players’ fear of failure
(2019-01-26) Ruiz Sánchez, Victoria; Granero Gallegos, Antonio; Gómez López, Manuel; Actividad Física y Deporte
Sports can at times become a negative socializing agent for athletes. The objectives here were to analyse the relationship between motivational climates (involving coaches and peers) and fear of failure in players according to gender and sports experience, and also to control for the extent to which these motivational climates predict the different aversive causes of fear of failure. To this aim, a non-experimental, descriptive, and sectional design was used in which participants answered the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, the Peer Motivational Climate in Youth Sports Questionnaire, and the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory. The sample included 479 handball players aged 16–17 years old (mean = 16.60; standard deviation = 0.50) who were playing in Spanish regional youth category handball teams. The results revealed that the task-involving training climate predominates in both genders over the ego-involving training climate, particularly in girls and in less experienced players. The peer ego-involving climate also predominates with respect to the peer task-involving climate in both genders, but this is particularly so for boys and in more experienced players. Furthermore, except for fear of feeling shame, which was predicted by the peer ego-involving climate, all the aversive causes of fear of failure are predicted mainly by the coach climate. The immediate environment was proved to be determinant in avoidance behaviours and fear of failure.
Open Access
Analysis of the Satisfaction Level and Game Preferences at Initial Categories in Volleyball and Beach Volleyball Players
(Universidad de Extremadura, 2022-02-28) García de Alcaraz, Antonio; Hernández Hernández, Elena; Palao, José M.; Ortega Toro, Enrique; Actividad Física y Deporte
Many strategies are used to introduce athletes in sport. The aim of this study was to analyse the satisfaction level and game preferences of volleyball and beach volleyball players at initial categories, regarding: (a) the execution and performance of the game actions, and (b) carrying out training tasks according to their structure and number of players. Methods: A total of 752 questionnaires were analyzed from the players who participated in Spanish tournaments of volleyball (n=492) and beach volleyball (n=260) in 2015. The variables were the satisfaction level in the execution of game actions (serve, reception, set, attack, block and dig) and training tasks, measured in a scale of 0-10 points. The age categories were: U14, U16, U19, and U21. The Mann-Whitney’s U test (p<.05) was used to determine the differences between categories. Results: A preference for attack actions in the first stages of both volleyball and beach volleyball, especially in the male category was found. Similarly, a greater satisfaction level was observed in the competition-like training tasks. Conclusions: This information allows developing teaching proposals for initial stages in volleyball and beach volleyball, attending to the preferences of the athletes according to their age category. ---------------------------------
Open Access
Anthropometric-based predictive equations developed with multi-component models for estimating body composition in athletes
(Springer Nature, 2024-12-06) Serafini, Sofia ; Charrier, Davide ; Izzicupo, Pascal ; Esparza-Ros, Francisco ; Vaquero Cristóbal, Raquel; Petri, Cristian ; Mecherques-Carini, Malek ; Baglietto, Nicolás ; Holway, Francis ; Tinsley, Grant ; Paoli, Antonio ; Campa, Francesco ; Actividad Física y Deporte; Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte
Purpose: Body composition can be estimated using anthropometric-based regression models, which are population-specific and should not be used interchangeably. However, the widespread availability of predictive equations in the literature makes selecting the most valid equations challenging. This systematic review compiles anthropometric-based predictive equations for estimating body mass components, focusing on those developed specifically for athletes using multicomponent models (i.e. separation of body mass into ≥ 3 components). Methods: Twenty-nine studies published between 2000 and 2024 were identified through a systematic search of international electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus). Studies using substandard procedures or developing predictive equations for non-athletic populations were excluded. Results: A total of 40 equations were identified from the 29 studies. Of these, 36 were applicable to males and 17 to females. Twenty-six equations were developed to estimate fat mass, 10 for fat-free mass, three for appendicular lean soft tissue, and one for skeletal muscle mass. Thirteen equations were designed for mixed athletes, while others focused on specific contexts: soccer (n = 8); handball and rugby (n = 3 each); jockeys, swimming, and Gaelic football (n = 2 each); and futsal, padel, basketball, volleyball, American football, karate, and wheelchair athletes (n = 1 each). Conclusions: This review presented high-standards anthropometric-based predictive equations for assessing body composition in athletes and encourages the development of new equations for underrepresented sports in the current literature.